
Class . 9 P 7 5 1 

Book J^_8 ; 



COPYRIGHTED 1904 

By F. E. RUTHERFORD, D. V. S. 

Revised 1906 and 1910 



7V 








FRANK E. RUTHERFORD, D. V. S. 



Introductory. 



P. 







In presenting to you this book, I have tried to make 
everything plain, leaving out all technical and Latin names 
as far as possible. Every prescription is written in English 
so any one can understand them. In this book you will find 
the diagnosis, symptoms, etc., on one page, and in the back 
you will find the prescriptions for each disease and defect. 
Under the diagnosis you will find treatment, then all you 
will have to do it to turn to prescription leaf and use med- 
icine according to directions. I want you to always remem- 
ber this point: It is always necessary for any man, to have 
success with stock in treating them, to have confidence in 
himself, and also in the treatment he is administering. The 
horse is a very intelligent animal, and is always ready to 
obey man when he is well and able. The scientific method 
of treating horses has been greatly neglected. I hope those 
who purchase Private Lessons on the Diseases of the Horse 
and Cow will read and study carefully the points given there- 
in. If you do this, you will be more able to treat your horse 
as he should be treated, and will become more attached to 
him. liemember that the prescriptions found in this book 
are the most reliable, as they are best products of veterinary 
science. 

Yours very truly, 
PRANK E. RUTHERFRD, I). V. S., 

Dallas, Texas. 



PRIVATE LESSONS 

ON 

DISEASES of the HORSE and COW 

BY 

F. E. RUTHERFORD, D. V. S. 

DALLAS, TEXAS 



LESSON 1. 



In the foot are two bones and part of another one. The 
first is the ospedis (or foot bone). The ospedis is nearly 
in shape of the foot behind, the bone is a small long bone 
which lies and braces a joint; this bone is called the osnav- 
icular; it lies crcssways of the heel. The next bone above 
is the oscornea ; the union of the ospedis and the oscornea is 
called the coffin joint, and this is the joint that the osnav- 
icular braces. Xow above the oscornea is the osnuffranges ; 
the union of these two bones is called fetlock joint. At 
the top of the ossnuffranges is the ostibia (or sin bone) ; 
the union of these two bones is called fetlock joint. At 
the back of this joint are two small bones called sessamoids; 
they are not held in place by the cartileges as most bones, but 
by the back tendons of the limb. At the top of the tibia, 
on each side, is a small long bone called metatarsel. These 
bones are about three-fourths as long as the tibia, and in 
advanced age adhere to it. The top of these two bones only 
reach up as high as the top of the tibia. Now on the top 
of these bones is the carpus. The carpus (or knee) consists 
of seven separate bones. 



—8— 

LESSON 2. 

The Front Knee. — Many men suppose that the horse has 
a patella (or knee cap), but they are mistaken, there being 
no knee cap on front leg. There are seven bones in the 
knee. There are three bones which lie side by side on top 
of the tibia and small metatarsals; then on top of these 
three bones are three more, then behind, sitting edgewise, is 
another. So as to make it plain, I will begin with the out- 
side of the right front limb and name them one by one. 
The first bone that lies on outside and on top of the tibia 
and metatarsal is called the unciform; the next one is 
magnum, next the trapeoizd. This completes the lower row. 
On top of the trapezoid is the scaphoids, next on top of 
the mangum is the lunare; and on top of the unciform is 
the cuniform; this completes the two rows. At the back 
we find the ospicif orm ; one end reaches back ; the other end 
rests against the cuniform and the lower end of the radius. 
So, you see, we find seventeen bones from the radius down. 

LESSON 3. 

The next bone above the carpus is the radius or arm 
bone. At the top of the radius is a small bone attached 
to the ulna. This bone is at the top and behind the radius. 
The next bone above the radius is the humerus; the union 
of the scapular and humerous forms the shoulder point. All 
bones united (at joints) by a tough gristle substance termed 
cartillage; likewise all joints are supplied with a lubricating 
oil called synovia fluid, commonly known as joint oil. 

LESSON 4. 

Remember that no two bones come in immediate contact 
witli each other; they are held apart bv the cartillage and 
lubricating synovia. You will find a little hole in every 
bone — this is called Ihe nutrient, where a nutrive vessel 
pa&ses into the medullary canal. The last is generally called 
the marrow of the bone by non-professional men, but you 
must call it the medulla. The hole through the bone is 
called the spinal canal, and the marrow in the bone is called 
the spinal cord. The backbone, as a whole, is termed the 
spine. TsTow when we review Ave find 20 bones in the right 
front limb, and of course we find the same in the left bear- 



—9— 

ing the same position, only the carpus. To get their names 
we begin on the outside of the carpus, as we did on the right. 

LESSON 5. 

The ospedis may be called; the pedal bone; the 
back wings or ends of the ospedius, the retrossel pro- 
cess. Eight here a word. In some horses, especial- 
ly thos advanced in age, the retrossel process may be- 
come forked. The upper prong is called the basiler process. 
The sensitive substance which covers the ospedis is called 
the lamina; beneath the ospedis is the sensitive sole; at 
the upper end of the hoof is the cornet or cornet ring; 
below the small bone, called the osnavicular, is the sensitive 
frog; at the heel is a brace usually termed the bars, or may 
be called the enflexes of the wall; the outer hoof is called 
the horny crest, or hard wall; we find the planter artery 
in the foot, with 15 branches running down from the main 
artery. The main vein of the foot is coronary venus plexus, 
which comes from the back part of the leg and reaches 
round on the outside, at the top of the hoof, to near its cen- 
ter in front, then drops down in the foot with many branches'. 

LESSON 6. 

Next we will study the right hind limb. The bones of 
foot and limb up to the fetlock joint are the same bones 
by name as those of the front limb, and the same location, 
but the next bone above, which reaches up to the hock joint, 
is termed the large metatarsal. The next above is the oscun- 
ciform mangum. On top of this bone is the scaphoid; be- 
hind these bones is the cuboid. Now on top of these bones 
is a larger and longer bone, perhaps four or five inches in 
length, called the ostragalus; the upper part ot fhis bone 
forms the upper part of the hock, and is termed the ascalus. 

LESSON 7. 

Above this is the tibia, which is a long bone which reaches 
up and forms part of the stifle joint, as it is the largest bone 
in the horse. The union of these last two named forms 
what is called the stifle-joint ; in front of this joint is a 
small capped shaped bone called the patella. This bone acts 
as a brace to the stifle joint. The upper end of the femur 



—10— 

has a forked appearance; the end of one prong is perfectly 
round, which fits in a perfect round cavity in the large bone 
of the hip called the sacrum. This union of the sacrum 
and femur is known as the whirlbone joint. The sacrum 
is not classed with the bones of the limb. Thus we find 
twenty bones in the front limb, and only seventeen in the 
hind limbs. 

LESSON 8. 

We will now examine the bones of the head. In the fetus 
there are several bones, but by the time of puberty many of 
these unite. Of these seven flat bones of the cranium, five 
of them are single. The occipital, pareital, frontal, spheroid 
and ethmoid; one only, the temporal, is double. These bones 
circumscribe a central cavity, the craniel, which communicates 
behind with the spinal canal, and lodges the portion of the 
principal of the nervous centers — the encephaelon. The occip- 
ital occupies the extremity of the head, which it supports 
from the interior of the spine. The pareital bone is a wide 
and thin bone, very much arched to form the roof of the 
craneil cavity. It is bounded above by the occipital bone, 
below by the frontal. Will you name the bones of the front 
limb? Name bones of hind limb. 

LESSON 9. 

The frontal bone is a flat bone whose sides are bent in the 
middle at an acute angle, and are carried back, and a little 
inward to meet the wings of the superior bone. It assists in 
forming the craniel roof and part of the face. It is bordered 
above by the pareital, below by the nasal and the lachrymal 
bone and on each side by temporal bones. Next is the ethmoid 
bone. The bone is deeply situated in the limit between the 
cranium and the face, is enclosed between the frontal, the 
spheroid 1 , the vomer, the palate and the supermaxilary bone. 
The spheroid bone is situated behind the cranium, between 
the occipital, ethmoid, palate, vomer pterygoid, frontal and 
pareital bones. The temporal bones enclose the craniel cavity 
literally, and articulate with the occipital, pareital, spheroid 
and the zygomatic bones. 

LESSON 10. 

The bones of the face in the fetus are so numerous and 



—11— 

hard to locate, and as it is not much used in surgery, I will 
only give their names .The face is composed of two jaws, 
a bony apparatus that serves as a support to the passive organs 
of mastication, the teeth. The superior, or interior jaw is 
traversed in its entire center length by the nasal cavities, and 
is formed by 19 bones, only one of which, the vomer, is a 
single bone. The pairs are the superior and interior maxil- 
lary, the palate, pterlgoid, zygomatic, lachrymal, nasal and 
superior and inferior turbinated bones. Of these, only four 
— the maxillaries — are intended for the implantation of the 
teeth. At the back end of the lower jaw it has a forked ap- 
pearance. The upper fork is called the coronoid process; the 
lower one is the condyle and is called the sigmoid notch. 

LESSON 11. 

Now we will examine the vertebral column, or bones of 
the neck and back. The vertebral column, or spine, is a solid 
and flexible stalk, situated in the middle and upper part of 
the trunk, of which it form*, the essential portion. It pro- 
tects the spinal cord and sustains the thorax als well as the 
principal organs of circulation, respiration and digestion. 
This piece is formed somewhat considerable assemblage of 
short, single, tuberous bones, to which has been given the 
name of vertebrae. These bones, though all the construction 
is on a uniform type, yet do not offer the same conformation 
throughout the whole rachidean stalk. They are formed into 
five different groups. These groups are called vertebraes. 

LESSON 12. 

What is the servical vertebrae? Ans. — The bones of the 
neck. How manv bones is the neck composed of? A. — Seven. 
Th first bone behind the head is called the atlas. The next 
is the dorsal, which has 18 bones, which the upper end of the 
ribs fasten to. These are called dorsal vertabrae. The third 
is the lumbar resrion, which only has six bones. And they cor- 
respond to the loins. In the fourth vertebraae there are fiv^ 
bones in the fetus, but in the adult they became solid and 
form into one solid bone. This bone is called the sacrum, 
and is called the sacral region. The fifth are the bones of 
the tail and is called the coccyxial region. There are no defi- 
nite number of bones in the coccyxial vertebrae, as some horses 



—12— 

have more than others. Some have as low as 10 bones, and 
some as high as 17, so you see there is no definite number. 
The cerviele, dorsal and lumbar vertabraes are called true ver- 
tebras, while the other two are called false. 

LESSON 13. 

We will now study the thorax. The thorax represents a 
canoid cage, elongated from front to rear, suspended under 
the vertebrae of the dorsal region, and contains the principal 
organs of respiration and circulation. It is composed of 
bony arches, named ribs, 36 in number, eighteen on each side, 
and a single piece called the sternum, which serves as a sup- 
port for the front ribs. The sternum is an osteo-cartillage- 
nous body, elongated from front to rear, flattened on either 
side and slight curved. There is a space between each rib. 
This space is called intercostal space, also the muscles which 
attach them together are called intercostal cartillage. It is 
proper to say that in some horses that there are 19 ribs to 
the side, for we very often find them. Therefore, if we find 
19 ribs we find 19 dorsal vertebraes. 

LESSON 14 
We will study the digestive organs. First, the preparatory 
organs, which includes the mouth, the tongue, salivary glands, 
pharanx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, pancres 
and intestines. A description of the first four I do not deem 
of any great importance, as you will understand them, or 
sufficiently at least. We will first describe the pharynx. The 
pharynx is the upper part of the esophagus (throat) and is 
the organ of speech in man or beast. The esophagus extends 
from the pharynx down and enters the stomach, in which is 
called the cardiac portion of the stomach. Next is the stom- 
ach which is the membranous sack comprised between the 
esophagus and intestines, as has been stated, and which com- 
poses the essential phenomena of digestion. 

LESSON 15. 
THE STOMACH. — The stomach, technically speaking, is 
called the ventriculus. It is situated in the diaphragmic re- 
gions of the abdomen, where it affects a direction transverse 
to the medium plane of the body. Its average capacity m 
a medium-sized horse is from two to three gallons. But it 



m —13— 

varies greatly according to the size of the animal and the 
nature of its food. Tse stomach is larger in the common or 
low bred horse than in the fine bred ; also in the ass and mule. 
Its weight when empty is from three to four pounds. The 
stomach has three coats — an internal or serous; a middle 
or muscular, and an internal or mucous. The front half of 
the stomach looks like the mucous membrane had been eaten 
off, as it is nearly smooth, while the pyloric or back portion 
is rough and full of little knots or bumps. The opening 
where the food passes out of the stomach is called the pyloric 
ring of the stomach. 

LESSON 16. 

Will describe to you some of the most prominent muscles, 
arteries and veins of the organs mentioned in last lesson. The 
muscles of the lips are the labial or obicular glands. The lips 
are supplied with blood by the palato — labial and the su- 
perior and inferior coronary artery. It is returned to the 
heart by the satelite veins of the last two vessels. The 
nerves are of two kinds — the moter, which are given off from 
the facial nerve and are distributed in the muscular tissues 
of the lips to cause its contraction, and the sensitive nerves, 
which are furnished by the maxillary branches of the fifth 
enchapalic pair. The blood vessels of the cheek are the bucal 
external maxillary and coronary arteries. The tongue is sup- 
plied by blood of two arteries, lingual glossopharyngeal and 
the hypoglossal. 

LESSON 17. 

Next is the salivary glands. The salivary glands are 
secretory organs annexed to the bzuccal cavity into which 
they pour saliva., a fluid that softens the food after its arrival 
in the abdominal portions of the digestive canal. The Pharynx. 
The blood sent to the pharynx comes from the pharyngeal 
and thyrodial arteries. The nerves are supplied by the glosso- 
pharyngeal, pneumogastric and great sympathetic. The eso- 
phagus is supplied by the division thrown off by the carodid 
artery and bronchial and the asopharyngeal arteries. The 
nerves of the asophagus are derived from the pneumogastric 
nerves. 

LESSON 18. 

We will now study the vessels of the stomach. The 



—14— 

stomach receives its blood from the two branches of the 
gastric arteries and splenic and its terminal branch — the 
left epipolic artery and by the biloric and epiloric arteries. 
The principal arterial ramification extend between the mu- 
cous and muscular layers. The nerves of the stomach are 
derived from the pneumogastric and solar plexus. In the 
stomach are begun those transforms by which alimentary mat- 
ters are rendered capable of being assimilated. There the 
food comes in contact with the gastric fluid by whose elements 
and particularly the albumoid substance, after undergoing 
some changes. 

LESSON 19. 

Next we will view the alimentary canal, which is a con- 
tinuation from the stomach through the abdominal cavity 
to the posterior opening of the digestive apparatus. The 
first after the stomach is the duodenum, or second stomach; 
then comes the small intestines, which is in an ordinary-sized 
horse about 72 feet in length, and we may say that it com- 
mences at the right culdesac of the stomach, from which it 
is separated by the pyloric construction. At its origin it pre- 
sents a dilation, which in form stimulates a small stomach 
whose curvature are the inverse of those of the proper stom- 
ach, placed at the posterior face of the liver. This expan- 
sion, or head, of the small intestines, begins at the narrow 
portion, which at first is directed forward, then bends sud- 
denly backward thus forming a loop, investing a base of the 
caecum on the left side; then it is carried to the left, cross- 
ing transversely the sub-lumbar regions behind the great 
mesenteric artery. Here it is joined to the floating colon. 
It then reaches the left flank, where it is lodged and forms 
numerous folds. It then goes to the right and opens into 
the cavity of the ceacum, and a little to the inside, where the 
large colon has its commencement. This terminal portion is 
named the ilium, which means to twist. The part found in 
the left flank is called the jejunum, which means empty. From 
the pyloric to the great mesenteric artery is the duodenum. 

LESSON 20. 

THE SMALL INTESTINES.— The small intestines re- 
ceive their blood from the great mesenteric artery. The one 



—15— 

that goes to the duodenum comes from the coeliac trunk. 
The large intestines which communicate by a large reservoir 
in the form of a culdesac is called ceacum. It is continued 
by the colon, which goes to the rectum. It is separated from 
the small intestines by the ileac-ceacal valve. The ceacum 
is a large sack, occupying the right hypochrondiach, where 
it takes a direction downward and backward. Its length or- 
dinarily is between three and four feet and will hold seven 
and one-half gallons of fluid. The ceacum serves as a res- 
ervoir to the enormous amount of fluid injected. The greater 
part of this food passes through the stomach and small in- 
testines, escapes the absorbent action of the villi and accumu- 
lates in the ceacum, where it may be said to wash alimentary 
with which it comes in contact, thus dissolving the sol- 
uble and assimilable matters this mass may yet contain, and 
favoring their entrance into circulation through the absorb- 
ent surface formed by the mucous membrane of the large 
intestine. 

LESSON 21. 

THE COLON.— The colon is divided into parts, which 
differ from each other in volume, and in disposition they affect 
in the abdomen cavity. The first is the large or double 
colon. The large colon is from 10 to 15 feet in length, 
and holds eighteen gallons. The arteries of the large colon 
are from the great mesenteric. (They are the colonic arter- 
ies.) The satellite vein enters the colon near the rectum 
or rump. The small colon enters or precedes the large 
colon, and its termination is in the pelvic cavity. It is about 
twice as large as the small intestines. When the soluble 
matter passes out of the small intestines the name changes 
and is called excrement. The excrement is compressed by 
the peristaltic muscles and are bound into little round masses, 
and find their way into the rectum and pass out. The rectum 
extends in a straight line from the pelvic cavity to the anus. 
The rectum is nothing more nor less than the continuation 
of the small colon, yet it has no ridges and its walls axe 
thicker and stronger. 

LESSON 22. 

ORGAN OF THE ABDOMEN.— Next we will study the 
organs of the abdominal portions of the digestive canal. These 



—16— 

organs are three in number — two glands ; the liver and pan- 
creas, which pours into the intestines two particular fluids, 
the bile and pancreatic juice. The spleen, which is remark- 
able for its numerous vascular connections, is next. The 
spleen deserves to be studied. We will first study the liver, 
which is situated in the abdominal cavity, to the right of the 
diaphragm, and in an oblique direction downward and to the 
left. The weight of the liver of a medium-sized horse is 
about 11 pounds. The liver is fixed to the posterior of the dia- 
phragm by four particular bands. The liver has three lobes, 
a left, middle and right lobe. The left is always the largest, 
right next and the middle the smallest. The blood vessels 
of the liver are the hepatic artery, portal veins and supre- 
hepatic veins. The liver secretes the bile at the expense of 
the blood of the portal vein. The bile is an excrementation 
secretion. The bile assists in the purification of the blood, 
in digestion and colorification. The liver furnishes two very 
different products — bile and sugar. The secretion of bile in 
the liver is more active during digestion, yet it goes on in a 
continuous manner. 

LESSON 23. 

THE PANCREAS.— This organ has the greatest resem- 
blance to the salivary glands and its physical properties, and 
for this reason it has been named the abdominal salivary 
glands. It is situated in the sub-lunar regions across the 
aortal artery and posterior venacave in front of the kidneys 
and behind the liver and stomach. Its weight is about 17 
ounces. The spleen differs from the glands, not only as an 
excretory duct, but in all other ways. The spleen is situated 
in the diaphragmic region, close to the left hypochondriac, 
and appears as if suspended in the sub-lumbar regions, as 
well as the curvature of the stomach. The average weight of 
the spleen is about thirty ounces, but sometimes larger in size. 
The arteries emanate from the splenic artery, and plunge 
into the spleen at different elevations. The various branches 
of the spleen open into the splenic vein. The function of 
the spleen is not of any great importance. Animals where 
the spleen has been removed have continued to live and been 
in good health, and no inconvenience is manifested. From 



—17— 

the best authority it is concluded that the spleen is a diverticu- 
lum for the portal vein. 

LESSON" 24. 
Now we will review respiration and its organ. As the 
nostrils are so well understood, I do not think it is necessary 
to describe them. After the air is inhaled into the nostrils 
it then passes into the larynx, which is the upper part of the 
trachea or windpipe, after which it passes down the pharynx 
and enters the bronchial tubes. These tubes resemble a tree 
with two prongs, with many branches from each prong. These 
branches enter the right and left lung. At that extremity 
we find the air cells. The lungs are spongy and soft. It is 
divided into two parts, the left and right, the left being 
smaller than the right. The blood runs from all parts of 
the veins. It arrives at the right sack of the heart, whence 
it is propelled into the lungs, there to be regenerated by the 
immediate contact with the air. It is the pulmonary artery 
that conveys this fluid into the parenchima of the organ and 
by the pulmonary veins ie is carried back to the heart. The 
nervous branches supplied to the tissue of the lung come 
from the same sources as those of the bronchial tubes. The 
nerves of the heart furnished by the cardiac plexus come 
from the pneumogastric and great sympathetic. The lungs 
are the seat of the absorption of oxygen and the expulsion 
of carbonic acid nutritive fluid. 

LESSON 25. 
THE HEART.— The heart is the center of circulatory 
apparatus. It is a hollow muscle, whose cavity is divided 
into a thick ventricle septum into two perfectly independent 
pouches. One is traced on the track of the dark blood, and 
propels it into the lungs; the other is situated on the course 
of the red blood and distributes it to all parts of the body. 
The heart is enclosde in a fibrous sack, named pericardium. 
It is distant from the fifth and sixth vertebrae about five 
inches. In a medium-sized horse the heart is about ten 
inches long, and holds from one to one and a half pints of 
blood. Its average weight while empty is about six and one- 
half pounds. The heart is larger in low bred horse^ than 
in high bred. The blood is carried to the muscular tissues 
of the heart by two large vessels, the coronary arteries. The 



—18— 

blood is carried from the walls of the heart by a single but 
important vein, which empties into the right auricle of the 
heart. The nerves come from the pneumogastric and great 
sympathetic, as before stated. 

LESSON 26. 

ACTION OF THE HEART.— The function of the heart 
is to maintain the circulation of the blood and contration of 
the two pounches. The right pouch sends the fluid to the 
lungs; then it returns to the left pouch; from this it is 
thrown to all parts of the body and is brought back again 
to the side of the heart. There contraction takes place sim- 
ultaneously in the two cardiac compartments. In taking the 
heart at a moment when it is in a state of repose, that is, 
in the intervals between the two contractions we find that 
the two pouches are being rapidly filled with blood brought 
to them through the venous openings. When sufficiently re- 
plete, the auricles slightly contract and push a portion of the 
fluid they contain into the ventricles, these contracting im- 
mediately to propel the blood into the arteries. The passage 
of the blood of the arteries, or into the arteries, is necessary 
for the contraction of the ventricles, as at the moment of 
the contractions the valves are raised, and so prevent the 
reflux of the blood into auricles. When the heart returns 
to a state of repose these valves turn down, preventing the 
return of blood into the ventricle cavities, while the mitral 
and tricuspid valves* subside against the walls of these cavi- 
ties, and thus again allow the passage of the blood through 
the auricular-ventricular openings. The word systol means 
the contraction of the heart; the word disastole means the 
repose of the heart between two contoactions. 

LESSON 27. 

THE KIDNEYS. — The kidneys are two glandular organs 
situated in the abdominal cavity, to the right and left of 
the sub-lumbar regions lying against the great proas muscles, 
and stay in that position. First by an envelope of cellular 
tissues ; second by the perteneum which passes beneath them ; 
third, by the pressure of the digestive organs contained in 
the abdominal cavity. Their situations are not exactly alike, 
for the right is forward between the last two ribs, while the 



—19— 

left scarcely reaches to the last two ribs. The right kidney 
is always larger than the left. The right will weigh about 
27 ounces, while the left will weigh only 25. The kidneys 
have a special artery and vein remarkable for their purpose. 
The kidneys are excretory organs. After the urine is sent 
to the kidneys they merely solve it and prepare it for ex- 
cretion. Next are the ureters. They are a membraneous 
canal, having the diameter of a common size goose quill, 
which conveys the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 
There is something remarkable about the ureter, in the way 
it enters the bladder. It does not pour the urine directly 
into the bladder. The ureter first pierces the muscular wall 
of the bladder, between the mucous membrances it passes 
for about an inch, and then opens on the surface of the lat- 
ter. I don't think it necessary to say anything about the 
bladder. Its average weight when empty is about sixteen 
ounces. 

LESSON 28. 

GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MALE.— As so little is 
known of these organs, as those of the female, I will give a 
dense description of them. The generative apparatus. In- 
dividuals in the organic kingdoms possess the faculty of re- 
production, and in the species to which they belong is a grand 
and beautiful law of vital force, which holds under its case 
the preservation of the organized world. In generation it 
demands the intercourse of two individuals, a male and a 
female. The female furnishes a germ (the ovum), and the 
male a fluid (the semen) which vivifies the ovum and renders 
it capable of developing or development. We therefore have 
to study the generative or genital organs of the female, I will 
to study the generative or genital organs of the male and 
those of the female. The semen is elaborated in the struc- 
ture of two testicles, called lobular glands. Each is divided 
with a secretory duct, doubles, a great many times on its cell 
at its commencement, epididymis, and destitute smousities 
for the remainder of its extent, which is named the different 
canal (vas deferens). This canal carries the fecundating 
fluid into the vesiculate seminal reservoir with contractive 
walls, where it accumulates, and whence it is expelled during 
copulation, by passing through the eajculatory canals or 



—20— 

duets and the urethal canal. The penis when in act of cop- 
ulation is introduced into the vagina, to the bottom of which 
it carries the spermatic fluid. The testicles (or two testis) 
are two glands, suspended on each side of the penis, between 
the thighs, where each occupies a particular serious pouch, 
the vagina] sheath (tunica vaginalis). 

LESSOR 29. 

Generative Organs Continued. — The tunica vaginalis, in 
the domesticated animals, is the abdominal cavity, the serious 
membrane of which (the peritoneum) becames a hernia in 
the inguinal ring and prolonged below the inferior (external) 
ring, so as to form a serious sack, which is enveloped by 
membranous walls. We have to study in the vaginal sheath. 
First, its interior; second, the enveloping membranes, which 
form the external walls, and to which we give the common 
name of scrotume. There are many more ligaments and 
membranes, but as they are purely technical and hard to 
locate, I will omit them. Each testicle is oval-shaped, flat- 
toned on both sides, is lodged in the culdesac at the tunica 
spermatic cord. The testicles secrete the spermatic fluid. 
Pure semen, such as is derived' from these glands, is white, 
viscid, odorless and alkaline fluid. It contains a small 
quantity of liquid matter, in which is innumerable mass of 
spermatoozid. After the semen has passed through the gen- 
ital canal, it is made much more equeous by the addition of 
the fluids secreted 1 by the walls of the excretory ducts, or 
by the glands annexed by them. The spermatozoid are small 
elongated bodies. They have a flattened or lancet-shaped 
bead, and a tail, terminating in a point, Their form is 
slightly modified while going through the excretory ducts. 
Their movements persist for several days in the genital or- 
gans in the female after copulation. They are suddenly 
arrested by water, acids; on the contrary, they are animated 
by alkaline fluids. The movements cease when the sperma- 
tozoid are exposed to a temperature of 120 degrees Fahren- 
heit. 

LESSON 30. 

1. TTow many bones in front limb? 2. What ia the 
name of the bone of the foot? 3. How many bones in 



—21— 

the knee? 4. Name them, will you? 5. What is the first 
hone above the oseernea? 7. What bones lie behind the un- 
ion of the ossaf ranges and tibia? 9. Do all bones come in 
in immediate contact with each other? 10. What holds them 
apart? 11. What is the first bone above the radious? 12. 
What is the bone above the humerus called? 13. What joint 
does the humerus and scapular form? 14. What little bone 
is that which sticks out (or protrudes out) at the top of the 
radius? 15. Is the ulna adhered to the radius during colt- 
hood? 16. What are all joints supplied with to keep up the 
wear and tear? IT. A hole in the side of a bone is called 
what? 18. What is the hollow in the backbone called? 19. 
What is the marrow in the backbone called? 20. The back- 
bone, as a whole, is called what? 21. How many bones in 
the left fore leg? 22. How could we get the proper names 
and location in the opposite knee? 23. What other name 
lias the ospedis ? 24. What are the back wings of the ospedis 
called? 25. What shape does the resotarsal get in the ad- 
vanced age? 26. What is the upper prong called? 27. 
What is the sensitive substance that covers the ospedis called ? 
28. What is below the sensitive sole? 29. How many frogs 
to the foot? 30. What are they called? 31. Where is the 
non-sensitive frog? 32. For what purpose do the frogs act? 

LESSON 31. 

33. What is the upper part of the foot called? 34. What 
are the enfluxes of the wall commonly called? 35. What 
artery do we find in the foot? 36. About how many branches 
does it have? 37. What is the principal vein of the foot? 
38. What is the difference between the bones of the hind foot 
up to the fetlock joint and those of the fore feet? 36. What 
is the nam eof the bone that reaches from the fetlock joint 
to the hock? 40. How many bones in the hock? 41. What 
are their names? 42. What is the long bone that protrudes 
out behind the hock, and a little above, called? 43. The 
-upper part of the bone is called what? 44. What bone above 
the hock? 45. Xext bone above is called what? 46. What 
joint does these bones form at their union? 47. In front of 
this joint is a small bone, called what? 48. What is the 
next bone above? 49. What shape is the upper end of the 
femur in? 50. What bone does the round end fit in? 51. 



—22— 

What joint is this called? 52. Is the sacrum classed with 
the bones of the limbs? 53. How many bones in the hind 
limb? 54. How mony bones in the head of a colt? 55. 
How many are single of the seven? 56. What part of the 
head does the occipital occupy? 57. What shape is the pa- 
reital bone in? 58. What bone is above the pareital? 59. 
What bones are o either side of the last named? 60. 
What is name of first bone behind the head? 61. How 
mony bones in the neck? 62. What are they called? 63. 
How many vertebraes are there? 64. Name them. 

LESSON 32. 

65. How many bones in the dorsal vertebrae? 66. What 
do they serve as a support to? 67. How many bones in 
the lumbar vertebrae? 68. How many in the fourth ot 
sacrum region, and is there a change takes place? 69. How 
many bones in the tail or coccyxial vertebraee? 70. How 
many ribs? 71. What is the sternum? 72. What does it 
serve as a support for? 73. What shape is the sternum? 
74. What are the spaces between the ribs called? 75. What 
are the names of the muscles that hold them together? 
76. What does the preparatory organ include? 77. What is 
the pharynx ? 78. From the pharynx where does the esopha- 
gus extend? 79. What is the stomach called? 80. Where 
is it isituated? 81. How much does it hold in a medium- 
sized horse? 82. Which has the largest stomach, well bred 
or low bred scrub horses? 83. When empty, how much will 
it weigh? 84. How many coats has the stomach? 85 
Name them. 86. What is the opening where the food 
passes out called? 87. What are the glands of the lip? 88. 
What artery furnishes the blood? 89. What vein carries the 
blood to the heart? 90. What arteries supply the cheeks? 
91. What arteries supply the tongue? 92. What are the 
nerves of the tongue? 93. Where does the pharynx get its 
blood? 94. What are the nerves? 95. Where does the 
esophagus get its blood? 96. What nerve? 97. Where does 
the stomach receive its blood from? 98. What are the nerves 
of the stomach? 99. Where does transformation begin? 
100. What fluid does the food come in contact with in the 
stomach ? 



—23-^ 

LESSON 33. 

101. What is the alimentary canal? 102. What is first 
after the stomach? 103. What is the next after the duo- 
denum? 104. How long are they? 105. Where do they 
begin? 106. Where does it cross transversely? 107 What 
then does it join to? 108. What is the terminal? 109. II- 
lium means what? 110. Where do the small intestines re- 
ceive their blood? 111. What is ceacum? 112. What sep- 
arates the ceacum from the small intestines? 113. What 
is the length of the ceacum? 114. What will it hold? 115. 
How long is the large colon? 116. How much will it hold? 

117. What is the small colon called that succeeds the large? 

118. About how long is it? 119. How much does it hold? 
120. Where does the rectum extend to? 121. What is the 
rectum? 122. Is its wall thicker than "the colon or not? 
123. Where is the liver situated? 124. Is it in the right 
or left? 125. What is the weight? 126. How many lobes 
has the liver? 127. Name them. 128. What lobe is the 
largest? 129. Which is the smallest? 130. Where does the 
liver receive its blood? 131. What veins? 132. What is 
the liver? 133. What does it secrete the bile from? 134. 
What does the bile assist in? 135. How many products does 
the blood furnish? 136. What are they? 137. When is the 
bile most active? 138. What does the pancreas resemble? 
139. Where is it situated? 140. Is it behind the liver or in 
front? 141. How much will it weigh? 142. Where is the 
spleen situated? 143. What is its weight? 144. Where 
does it get its blood? 

LESSON 34. 

145. Will an animal live without spleen? 146. What is 
the larynx? 147. The air when enhaled passes where? 148. 
What do the bronchial tubes resemble? 149. What do these 
branches enter? 150. What do we find at their extremity? 
151. Describe the lungs. 152. Which is the largest? 153. 
What does the blood return to the lungs for? 154. Which 
side of the heart does it return to before it is expelled into 
the lungs? 155. What vein carries the blood to the heart? 
156. What artery carries it awav? 157. What are the nerves 
of the heart? 158. What is the heart? 159. How many 
pouches is the heart divided into? 160. What are they called? 



—24— 

161. What is the sack called that encloses the heart? 162. 
About how long is the heart? 163. How much blood will 
il hold? 164. About the average weight when empty? 165. 
Which has the largest heart, well bred horses or scrubs? 166. 
What are the nerves of the heart? 167. Where does the 
right pouch of the heart send the blood? 168. Where does 
it go then? 169. Where then? 170. Where then does it 
go? 171. What takes place when the heart is in a state of 
repose? 172. The word systole means what? 173. What 
are the kidneys? 174. Where are they situated? 175. What 
great muscle do they lay aginst? 176. Are they situated 
exactly alike? 177. What is the difference? 178. Which 
kidney is the largest? 179. About how much will the right 
kidney weigh? 180. How much the left? 181. What is 
the ureter? 182. Does it pour the urine directly into the 
bladder ? 

LESSON 35. 
183. How much does the bladder hold when empty? 
184. What are the genital organs? 185. What is the germ 
called that the female furnishes? 186. What is the germ 
of the male? 187. Where is the semen elaborated? 188. 
What other name has the testicles? 189. Where are they 
located? 190. What is the shape of the testicles? 191. 
Where are they lodged? 192. Where are they 'Suspended? 
193. What color is pure sement? 194. What shape is the 
spermatozoid ? 195. What are they arrested by? 196. At 
what temperature will they perish? 

LESSON 36. 

Shoeing. — Proportion foot according to height. Why? 

Because it puts the horse in a natural position on his feet. A 
horse's foot -should be cut according to his height. 
Hands high. Heels, inches. Toes, inches. 

12 12-16 2 4-16 

15 13-16 2 7-16 

14 14-16 2 10-16 

15 1 3 

15 1-2 1 3-16 3 1-2 

16 1 7-16 4 5-16 

16 1-2 1 10-16 4 14-16 

17 112-16 5 4-16 



—25— 

Dress the foot from the bottom, so that the shoe will fit 
the foot as a joint of the finest furniture. Why? Because 
when the shoe doesn't fit true the bearings are unequal, and 
it is an injury to the foot to stand or walk on it. The shoe 
must fit out to the full size of the foot. Wihy? When the 
shoe fits the horny crest it is where nature designated and 
nature will not lame your horse. Never rasp off of the foot. 
Why ? You <see, when you rasp off the hoof after setting the 
shoe back you destroy the hard part of the foot, and make 
it weak. Remember that the hoof is never too- strong for 
the work it has to accomplish. Having no bearing behind 
the ospedis. Why? The heel of the horse acts just like 
the toe of a man. If your shoe or boot fits easy or loose, 
every time you step your toes expand. And when the weight 
is taken off, the toes relax, which assist the flexor tendons to 
handle the foot with ease. But put on a pair of tight shoes 
and you could not walk a mile but that you would go lame. 
So by shoeing so that the shoe will rest clear back as far 
as there is any hoof, or so that the bearings will be behind 
the back ends of the ospedis, you will cramp the heel as a 
tight shoe would cramp your toes, and the result will be 
clearly seen; so in the effort for the heel to expand, a hole 
will be worn out of the heel of the shoe. Be sure to look 
for this the first time you are at the shop. The shoe must 
be wider from the last nail hole back than it is crossways. 
Why? Eemember the bearing is taken off the heel, and the 
shoe must be wider to add strength. A carpenter takes 
a two by four scantling and sits it on its edge to make it 
stronger. Do not neglect this point if you want the horse 
to travel with ease and without injury. The nails must fit 
the holes in the shoe tight. Why ? First, if the holes are 
too large for the nails, the shoe is only held on the foot by 
the points of the nails and the heads; then by the holes in 
the shoe being too large you draw the shoe too tight to the 
foot, and it injures the foot by being in a cramp. So, you 
see, if the holes fit the nails, the shoe is held on by the body 
of the shoe and nails, instead of the ends and points of the 
nails. Points of nails must come out on a line. Why? 
Where you are not particular as to where the nails come out, 
one will pull in one direction and one in another, etc., so 



—26— 

you have the foot in a perfect cramp,, thereby making the 
horse lame. Besides, at the next shoeing the oil nail will 
be in the way where you wish to put the new one, especially 
the nail that comes out high upon the hoof. But if they 
come out on a line they will all draw in harmony with each 
other, and you will not be bothered with the old nail holes, 
for they will all be beneath the ine where the new ones will 
come out, but most of the time will be cut away where your 
horse is shod regularjy. 

LESSON 37. 

The Foot Continued. — It is an obejct of importance to 
preserve this important part of the horse. There is too little 
notice taken of the foundation of the horse — the foot. There 
are many diseases brought on by neglect of the foot. Cutting 
the frog, as most horse shoers do, is wrong, and I condemn it. 
First, the frog has many valuable offices to perform. One 
is, that it is a spongy and elastic substance without feeling. 
Still it grows and sheds a coat two or three time® a year, 
and acts as a cushion m case the foot comes down on a 
rock or hard substance. It is to prevent jars or injuries to 
the sensitive part of the foot. If healthy, it prevents the 
foot and heel from contractions. Again, it receives moisture 
from the earth and retains it until it is transferred to the 
foot. In this way the health is kept up. It prevents in- 
aflmmation and fever in the foot, which often results in lame- 
ness, etc. Now, let us examine the frog that is cut or pared 
oc by so-called horse shoers and blacksmiths. It has the 
same effect as cutting the sap of a green tree in the spring of 
the year; it destroys the pores, and you kill it where you 
cut it off; also, it is natural for the foot to receive moisture. 
If it is cut off you make a smooth surface, consequently it 
cannot receive and retain moisture to supply the foot as na- 
ture requires. A frog that has been dressed can be compared 
to a plank that has been dressed or planed off smooth. Take 
two planks — one has been dressed, and the other left just 
like it left the mills. Dip them both into water and see 
which will retain the moisture longest. So, you see, it is an 
injury to cut the frog, as the same demonstration will apply 
to both. Again, if the substance becomes dead, then it be- 
comes dry. So if the horse is driven over rough roads, it is 



—27— 

a continual jar to the foot, and also the navicular becomes 
diseosed. I condemn placing a hot shoe to a horse's foot, 
many so-called horse shoers do this to find the high places in 
the foot, instead of fitting the shoe to the foot as it should 
be done. By burning any horny substance it is easier dressed 
right then, but after it becomes cold it is ten times harder 
than it was before it was burned. Some say they cut the 
burn away, but they are badly mistaken. True, they can cut 
that which they can see, but to cut affected parts away would 
be impossible unless you cut the foot off entirely. I will 
make a demonstration. Build a fire by a tree and burn out 
a hole, then take your ax and cut out the burn. You cut 
out the part you see, but can you cut the affected part away ? 
No, indeed, you can't; neither can you on the horse's foot, 
for it is much more porous than a tree. The hoof has life, 
but it is non-sensitive. Your finger nail has life, but no 
feeling. Another thing: If you burn the foot, it will con- 
tract. Never attempt to spread the foot by force. It must 
have life, and expanded again to its normal size. 

LESSON 38. 

The Eye. — The seat of vision. What is meant by the 
retina of the eye? A. — The net work that lies in the back 
part of the eye is called the retina. Light admitted through 
the pupil to the retina produces vision. The portion of the 
eye that in some horses is brown and some gray is the iris 
of the eye. In the center of the iris is a circular black spot, 
which is the pupil, properly speaking — the window of the 
eye, through which sight is admitted. Why are some horses 
near-sighted ? A. — Because the cornea of the eye is so prom- 
inent that the image of distant obejcts is formed before it 
reaches the retina,, and there it is not instinctively seen. 
All the outside of the eyeball is called the cornea. There 
are horses that go blind once a month, commonly called 
moon-eye. (Periodical ophthalma is the proper name.) They 
call it moon-eye because it comes once a month. I am often 
asked the cause of this. It is very hard to explain. I might 
ask why a man would have a chill at the same hour every 
other day, and the question would be hard to answer. This 
disease is caused by the substance of secretions, called tears, 
becoming inactive, prevents the tears from performing their 



—28— 

office. The lachrymal glands are small lobular glands, and 
open from five to fifteen ducts upon the conjuctiver between 
the eyelid and its innerfold. The tears are spread over the 
eye by the reflex movement of the eyelid, called winking. 
The office of the tears is to preserve brilliancy of the eye. Its 
retntion is seen in the diamond appearance in the eye after 
death. There are mineral secretions in this secretion. Its 
composition is composed of water, a luminous matter, chlo- 
ride of sodium and mineral salts. And as soon as it can no 
longer flow over the eye, when the eye becomes dimmed, and 
he can hardly see in daytime; the light of thed ay hurts 
his eyes, and it is true he can see better after night. Now, 
remember that blind teeth, as some people call them (wolf 
teeth), are said to cause blindness, but this can never hurt 
the horsein any way whatever. 

LESSON 39. 

Inflammation of the Bowels. — Inflammation of the bow- 
els is so much like spasmodic colic, many men are deceived 
in the diagnosis of the disease, and can^t tell one from the 
other. Also remember that there are many horses killed by 
the administration of wrong medicine (or slops, called medi- 
cine) that would get well if they would let them alone and 
let nature take its course. Simptoms: The horse gets up 
and down, wallows very little, gets up and appears to be 
better, sweats in the flank, also in the chest. Of course, the 
severe pain causes the rolling. There is no bloat or swelling 
with this disease. The only way to be sure of this disease 
is by the pulse. So you may better understand the effect 
htat inflammation has, I will compare the pulse to the mer- 
cury in a thermometer. Suppose you build a mild fire in 
a room and place the thermometer in there, and as the heat 
of the room increases, the mercury of the thermometer rises 
higher, and if the fire begins to die out, the mercury drops 
down. Inflammation of any kind lias the same effect on 
the pulse. As the inaflmmation increases, the pulse increases 
in number of beats per minute, for it affects the heart. The 
inflammation causes the heart to contract faster, and as it is 
the contraction of the heart tlita throws the blood through 
the arteries, you see that the pulse acts as mercury in a 
thermometer. So the horse with inamflmation. The pulse 



—29-— 

begins to beat faster as the inflammation increases; but 
with colic, the pulse will be irregular. 

Cause. — Caused by food going into the stomach when the 
stomach is disordered, and a fermentation takes place. We 
have this all seasons of the year, but mostly in the summer, 
or in the spring, I should have said. So, you see, the change 
of food has a whole lot to do with it. Your horse ought to 
be taken off the grass and. be given hard food, all he can 
eat, unless you wish to give him inflammation of the bowels. 
I will tell you in the next lesson about the puke. 

TREATMENT. 

Anconite, fl ext 20 gtt. 

Gum Arabic (pulv.) 1 oz 

Laudanum 4 drs. 

Digitalis 6 gtt. 

Warm water 6 oz. 

Mix. Give every sixty minutes until fever abates or 
pulse runs lower. 

LESSOR 40". 

EXPLANATION. 

Before beginning an explaation of any disease, I will now 
lay you a foundation by which you must be goverened invo- 
riably. You must be governed by the pulse and temperature 
exclusively in treating internal diseases. The normal (or 
natural) condition of your horse's pulse is 36 beats per min- 
ute; that is, when he is in a healthy condition. Never begin 
to give your horse medicine until his pulse begins- to go up. 
Many times the horse is like a man — gets sick and doesn't 
need any medicine. Haven't you been sick many a time and 
didn't take anv medicine? Why, certainly you have. What 
cured you? Nature cured you, of course. Nature and dis- 
ease work against each other. Nature works to build up 
the system, and disease works to tear down and bring about 
death. You must bear in mind that medicine alone never 
cured a brute or human, but only assists nature in effecting 
a cure. You must remember this, which I have learned by 
observation, that there are a great many stock killed by 
some ignoramus who don't know what he is doing (by medi- 
cine, or by slops called medicine) that perhaps would get 



—30— 

well if they wore left alone and let nature take its course. 
Now, the next point to consider is the quantity of merieine 
and the different stages o( diseases. If in the first stage the 
medicine would not be as much as if he was in the last stage, 
for it would take more in the last stage than it would in 
the first Never give strong medicine in the nose or nostrils. 
Many horses have heen killed by drenching them in the nose 
with strong medicine, such as chloroform and ether. I have 
seen more than two dozen, since I have been in the practice, 
killed just this way. 

The proper place to take the temperature is in the anus. 
You can use the small human thermometer, or there is a 
veterinary one made, but 1 prefer the small. The proper 
place io find the pulse is under the jaw. Normal or "nat- 
ural," 36 beats per minute, just on the bulge of jaw on the 
lingual artery, and always feel with your fingers, and not 
your thumb. You can also find the pulse i the tail or the 
fore limb just above the hoof, but not so distinct as under 
the jaw. Normal temperature, 981-2; breathing, V2 per 
minute. 

Explanation of Disease and Defect. — The horse, in his 
natural condition, is subject to but few diseases (or disor- 
ders), but, like every other race of animals, the farther he 
is removed from that condition the more numerous his dis- 
968 become. T have tried to give in this work the deserip- 
moet of the organs, and illustrated their various 
uses. The regular and natural action of every organ of the 
ly indicates the - —ion of health, and any deviation 
from this, however small it may be. or bv whatever cause it 
Is produced, is called disease- " ese being guarded, we 

led to the conclusion that whatever has a tendency to 
destroy or derange the natural functions must be injurious, 
and can be continued at the peril of life itself, whether it con- 

- in the decree of labor imposed, in the quantity or qual- 
itv of food, in bad water or impuritv of the atmosphere. 
v f the causes of disease are beyond the owner 

trol. Nevertheless, a laig of the ills of the animal 

kin md the the result of inismaiu 

1 abuse. M si men treat the lower animal i 

ially the horsed as if they were given to him only for his 



—31— 

benefit — as if God had no higher purpo.se in the wonderful 
construction of the animal form than to enable man with 
_ ter ease to scrape and hoard up paltry pelf. In England 
and other countries, where the hose attains the greatest age 
and perfection, he is not put to labor until his size and power 
is developed, while in this country it is no uncommon thing 
to see horses put to hard work at two and three years old. 
The follow of violation of natural lav. ideni from the 

multitude of blemishes on our young horses and mules, such 
fiin^r Bone, Bone Spavin, the Eough Pins, Blood Spavin, 
Curb, Enlarged Joints, or more injuries which cause sudden 
death, or at least bring on lameness for life and premature 
old age. I have also stated that the regular and natural 
actions of every organ was essential to the enjoyment of 
health, and to preserve this healthy state the animal was 
furnished with the necessary means of throwing off super- 
fluous or poisonous matter. Thus the means tend not only 
to the preservation of health, but also tend powerfully to 
the removal of disease. Remember, now, that medicine does 
not cure. What does the doctor administer medicine for, 
if not to cure ? Tie only drives medicine to assist nature to effect 
a cure. A? I told yon in previous lecture, "Do you remem- 
ber^ that medicine did not cure, and the greatest doctor we 
have is nature. Xature works to build up the system; dis- 
ease works to tear down and brinor about death. Then when 
nature's effort alone is incompetent to perform the task, not 
by the use of medicine, which is calculated to co-operate 
with the enemy and destroy the patient, but by the use of 
such remedies, and such only as act in harmony with the 
known and acknowledged laws of life and health. In con- 
clusion, you may be sometimes called in with advantage. 
Though we acknowledge our distrust of quackerv of most 
of thosp passing under the title (Doctor of Veterinary 
There is little science or intelligence of thi= class 
the world over. Th^ : should be verv careful who 

he chooses to administer medicine to his valuable stock. T 
have met men that had been practicing veterinary medicine 
for 15 and 20 vears that knew no more about medicine (con- 
ned it to me) than a calf reading the Bible. He should 
see to it that if he employs one he is doubtful of that neither 



—32— 

medicine nor operation be used, unnecessarily severe or haz- 
ardous to the animal. Especially should the diabolical prac- 
tice be interdicted of the abundant and indiscriminate use 
of poisons, oils, turpentine and tar, and hot irons applied to 
the sensitive wound or marked flesh, if certain or effectual 
remedies for removal of disease cannot be applied, such as 
augment the suffering or endanger the life of the poor dumb 
brute, may at least be avoided. 

LESSON 41. 

Flatulent or Wind Colic. — Cause When the acrid 
secretions of the stomach come in contact with the sabacous 
juices of the colon the acriclness produced by the blood being 
impure, the disease is produced. When these come in con- 
tact a gas is generated, hence the swelling is produced, and 
swelling is continued as long as there is any swelling at all, 
and one of the most prevalent that we have. You can have 
it at any season of the year, yet more so in the summer. It 
is also the most dangerous, and kills more stock in the South 
and Southwest than any or all other diseases put together. 
Another important point is this: This is the only disease 
that has a limitation to the pulse. When the pulse reaches 
75 the horse has only a few minutes to live unless he gets 
relief by tapping. Death is produced by the front end of 
the colon extending against the stomach and bowels and 
pushing the diaphragm until it ruptures and lets them start 
in on the heart and lungs, and he dies from suffocation 
(smothers to death). 

Diagnosis, or Symptoms. — He gets down, rolls a little, and 
gets up and down very often, and begins to swell very mnch. 
By the time the pulse is beating 40 or 50 times per minute, 
the pulse heat hard and regular, so you will readily diagnose 
this disease by the swelling and pulse. 

Treatment. — Give medicine prescribed every 25 minutes 
until swelling subsides and pulse goes down. If this does 
not relieve, you will have to resort to a trocar, an instrument 
made for the purpose, of which you will see cut on another 
page of tin's book. It is a Ions: sharp instrument, and has 
a tube to carry away the gas. This instrument is inserted in 
the side of the animal on the left or right, ujst below the last 
short rib. You first cut the hide with the knife, and then 



—33— 

gently push the instrument in, slanting a little forward and 
upward. After it is in as far as it will go, yon then pull out 
the knife, letting the tube stay in to bring out the gas. 

LESSON 42. 

Spasmodic Colic. — Cause: The animal has been worked 
or exercise until very warm; then, of course, he becomes 
very thirsty and drinks very excessively. This causes sudden 
contraction of the stomach, also a cramping and aching of 
the bowels, which causes very intense pain. It is impossible 
to produce this disease otherwise, yet it may be produced at 
any season of the year. 

Diagnosis. — Drops down very suddenly when taken, shows 
symptoms of great pain, rolls about very violently, gets up and 
down often in first stage. He exercises himself more with 
this disease than anv other. Now go to the pulse, and you 
can get the proper diagnosis. If you find a fluctuating pulse, 
it is spasmodic colic regardless of external symptoms, for no 
other disease produces anv fluctuating in the pulse at all, 
whatever. Therefore, it is impossible for you to mistake it. 
The fluctuating puke is caused from the contraction of the 
walls of the heart, which throws the blood out in a quiver. 

Treatment. — Give prescription which I prescribe every 25 
minutes until pulse runs lower. Caution: I will here cau- 
tion you, and it refers to this and all other diseases alike. In 
no case give a dose of medicine as long as the pulse is at a 
standstill, or coming down. 

LESSON 43. 

Inflammation of the Kidneys. — Treatment: Give pre- 
scription every 60 minutes until pulse runs lower. Cause: 
The kidneys being the only excretory organs in a horse, they 
have to perform their proper work (or function), otherwise 
this disease is cause; and the reason they are unable to per- 
form their work is that the secretions are very impure, for 
we might say it is caused from indigestion and a general 
derangement of the digestive organs. This is not a very prev- 
alent disease, yet you may expect death to ensue if the ca^e 
does not get proper attention. It is one of the most danger- 
ous diseases we have, and we can have it any season of the 
year. 



--34— 

Diagnosis. — The way you know this disease is, he lays 
down, but does not roll much; but when he does roll he 
has an inclination to stop on his) back. The reason of this 
is, the momentary pressure of the bowels on the kidneys gives 
him momentary relief. He feels better in that position than 
any other. In the first stage, when he gets up, he will stretch 
out and make (water) or try to. Small quantities pass, and 
seem to be very painful to him. The kidneys being in close 
connection with the urinary organs produce this inclination 
to urinate. You go to the pulse, and it beats perfectly reg- 
ular, but run up according to inaflmmation (or fever.) So 
the regular pulse and the inclination to lay on his back, and 
the stretching out when up, is the way you distinguish this 
disease from any other. No other disease has these symp- 
toms. This is often taken for gravel by those who know 
nothing about stock. 

LESSON 44. 

Lung Fever or Pneumonia. — Cause: By driving hard and 
leaving your horse in the open air, or from having overheated 
from shipping, etc., then cold settling on the lungs, this dis- 
ease is produced. You should always blanket your horse 
after a long drive should the weather be cold. 

Diagnosis. — He breathes hard, has a shivery chill, stands 
on his feet all the time, never lays down until he lays down 
to die, pulse hard and regular all the time from the first 
symptoms to the last. Put your ear down against his breast, 
or just behind his fore leg and you will hear a harsh rattling 
sound just like wind blowing through dry leaves. As no 
other disease has these symptoms you cannot mistake it. 

Treatment. — Blanket your horse if cold weather, and keep 
in close stall where the wind won't blow on him. Give no 
kind of forage while sick. Your horse will not live over 
six or eight days with this disease. If he is bad ! you may 
shave off the hair opposite each lung and put on a good can- 
tharides blister. Give him medicine ever 60 minutes until 
fever abates or pulse comes down. 

LESSON 45. 

Thumps. — Caused by pores of the skin becoming closed 
so as to prevent the secretion called perspiration from coming 



—35— 

through the skin. Then by getting your horse overheated it 
produces what is called the thumps, and once this disease, 
you prefer to call it, your horse is liable to have it every 
summer. There have been many theories as to its location. 
One, however, I think to be the most popular, is a flutter- 
ing of the heart (or throbbing). But this theory I can't 
believe, for I have never known or heard of the thumps kill- 
ing a horse, and I have known of horses having the thumps 
for years, and it never hurt them. Notwithstanding, I don't 
think a horse so valuable with the thumps as without them. 
My reason for not believing that the heart is implicated is, 
first, that the throbbing or thumping does not take place 
near the heart. I have held my finger on the pulse of the 
horse that had the thumps, and the tumping would take 
place twice to one beat of the heart. The thumping is in 
the flank, nowhere about the heart. Second, that it would 
be impossible to disturb the heart without producing a heart 
disease, and it would kill the animal. The most rational con- 
olusicn is that the peritoneum becomes loaded with fat, and 
by getting the animal too hot, produces a spasmodic con- 
traction in the organs called the peritoneum. The peri- 
toneum. The peritoneum is the membrane (as I have told 
you before) that envelops the intestines. 

LESSON 46. 

Chloroform and Its Use. — Chloroform was discovered by 
Mr. Gutherie, of Sacketts Harbor, New York, 1831. Chloro- 
form is a heavy, clear, odorless, diffusive liquor of ethereal 
color; a burning sweet taste, soluble in about 200 parts of 
water of hydrogen and three of chlorine. Medical proper- 
ties and uses: Chloroform, when applied locally, is very 
irritating and produces pain, which may be followed by some 
numbness. If the chloroform be prevented from evaporat- 
ing it will blister. Taken internally, it acts upon the general 
system, as it is very quickly absorbed. It quiets the pain in 
spasm. The useful effects of a full dose of chloroform, ad- 
ministered by inhalation, are the rapid production of relax- 
ation of the muscles, slow breathing, upturning of the eyes 
and total insensibility. Sometimes frothing at the mouth 
takes place, and more rarely twitching of the ilmbs. The 
insensibility is generally produced in from one-half to five 



—36— 

minutes, and generally lasts from seven to ten minutes, but 
may be kept up for hours with perfect safety by cautiously 
renewing from time to time. Ether Sul. Ether is a liquid 
composed of 74 per cent of Ethyl Oxide and about 26 of 
alochol containing a little water. Medical use as a stimulant, 
locally, it is irritating. 

LESSON 47. 

Opium or Laudanum. — The concrete, milky exudation 
obtained in Asia Minor from the unripe capsule of Papaver 
Somifurem — or poppy plant by incision and evaporation. 
Preparations of opium. Dose, 20 to 60 grains. 

Extractum Opii — Extract of opium. Dose, one-third less 
than powdered. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhea et oppii. This is Dovers powder, 10 
grs. of ipecac and opium; 8 grs. of sugar of milk. Dose, 1 
to 4 drs. 

Tinctuara Opii — Vinegar opium. Dose, 1-2 to 2 or 3 ozs. 

The two principals of opium are morphine and codine. 

LESSON 48. 

Canibis Indica. — Canibis Indica is made from a plant 
that grows in East Indies; called Ganga plant. Indian 
hemp is also a proper name for it. Dose F. E. Can- 
ibis Indicia, 10 drops to 4 drs. Physiological actions. 
A stimulant, increase mental and other moter activity, 
stimulates the nerves, etc., and depresses sensation. Intoxica- 
tion, complete and heavy sleep are caused by it, according 
to the size of the dose. Sal. Soda — This plant (sal. soda) 
grows on the bank of the seas. They grow abundantly in 
Frnace, Scotland and Ireland. Dose. One dr. to 1-2 oz. ; 
come in large white lumps, and is easily dissolved in aqua 
(water). It stops the accumulation of gas in case of colic. 
Tr. Peppermint. — Tincture of peppermint is made from the 
plant (or from the leaves and stems) that grow in Europe, 
and is called Menthe Piparita. The spices of mint is a na- 
tive of Great Britain, but has been conveyed to Europe, and 
this country. Medical uses is to allay pain, relieve spasmodic 
pain of the stomach in case of colic, etc. 

LESSON 49. 
Ac. Hydrocyanic (or Prussia acid). — Acidum Hydtocy- 



—37— 

anideum Dilutuin is a colorless, faintly acid liquid having an 
albumen-like odor, physiological action; produces drowsiness, 
depression ; slows the circulation. In tetanus and strychnine 
poisoning it is an excellent remedy. 

Fistula or Pollevil. — Fistula is caused from a bruise from 
a kick or bite on the wethers from a stallion, bumping his 
wethers against a stable, or from wallowing or turning over 
on a rock. In fact, any way to bruise the periosteum of the 
bone, this causing a swelling to take place, and then it forms 
full of little openings called tubes. This disease is called 
incurable by some, but I have always been very successful in 
treating it. I have never failed to effect a cure. 

Treatment of Fistula or Pollevil. — Take a razor or sharp 
instrument and shave off the hair over the enlarged part, and 
then you are ready for an operation, which is the only way 
it can be cured. Take a large scalpel or knife and cut in 
the muscle an opening about an inch deep and 5 or 6 inches 
long; then take a sponge and saturate it with monsells so- 
lution of iron, then run through the wound. This will stop 
the blood. Then gauge your knife and go another inch 
deep and use the monsell again, and so on until you go to 
the bottom of the tumor. There you will find it hollow and 
full of little tubes. Then change knives; take a crooked 
knife blade and split those little tubes open good, then sat- 
urate with medicine. 

LESSON 50. 

Treatment for Fistula After Operation. — Cotton seed oil, 
16 ozs. ; carbolic acid, 1 oz. Mix and shake well before us- 
ing. Inject in bottom of cut once per day and pack the 
opening with oakum to keep the wound from closing up at 
the outside first. Want wound to heal from bottom. 

Acidum carbolicum, or carbolic acid, is made by the 
distillation of coal tar; occurs either in crystal or crystalline 
massed; white or colorless when pure, but when im- 
pure it is either reddish or will become so by exposure; is 
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and the oils will dis- 
solve it. Uses: It is used as a caustic to cause sloughing 
in fistula; is used as an antiseptic, and employed internally 
a gastric sedative in small doses for dogs. Cotton seed oil 
(Oleum Gossypii Seminis). Made from cotton seed and pu- 
rified. It is used as a nutrient and tonic; also used instead 



—38— 

of olive oil. Also wash the wound out every three days with 
peroxide of hydrogen by squirting a little in the bottom with 
a small syringe. 

Hydrogen Peroxidum. — Peroxide of hydrogen. It was 
discovered by Thenard in 1818. The commercial peroxide 
is colorless. It should always be kept in a cool, dark place, 
and well corked. When it comes in contact with a wound 
it produces a frothy foam. As long as the foam comes back 
yellow, there is pus ; white there is no pus. 

LESSON 51. 
Table of Weight and Measure, 

20 grains make one scruple — gr. stands for grains. 

3 scruples make one drachm — dr. for drachm. 

8 drachms make one oz. — oz. stands for ounces. 

12 ounces make one pound — lb. stands for poud's. 

E. means recipe. Mist or Mistura, a mixture. 

A. A. of each. 

Pil or pilla — a pill or pills. 

Bolus — a large pill. 

Pulv. or pulvis — a powder. Q. S. Sufficient quantity. 

Spts. means spirits. 

Spts. Vinii, Eectif. — Alcohol pure. 

Spts. Frumenti — Whisky. 

Adeps means lard ; 01. means oil ; Tr. means tincture ; Oz. 
means ounce; S. S. means one-half ; S. or Signa means write. 
0. or Octarus means one point. 

Cong, or congius means gallons; Ft. or fiat, means to 
make. 

Garg. means gargle. 

Gtt., or guetta, means drops ; M., or Misce, means mix. 

This mark ( 3 ) stands for ounces. 
This mark ( 3 ) stands for drachms. 
This mark ( 3 ) stands for scruples. 

LESSON 52. 
Div. means to divide. Inj. means to inject. In or in 
die means daily. T. I. D. means three times a day. Q. D. 
means four times daily. Fl. means fluid. F. E. means fluid 
extract. A minimum dose means the smallest dose that will 
produce the physiological action. A maximum dose is the 
larges does that can be given with safety. So remember, 



—39— 

if you are not sure of the dose, put down a small one instead 
of a large one. The dose of any medicine is twice the dose 
per rectum as per the mouth. Dogs take about the same size 
dose as a man. A teaspoonful represents about 1 dr. ; a 
dessert spoonful, about 2 dr. ; a tablespoonful about a half 
ounce. A wine glass, 2 ozs. ; a coffee cup, about 5 ozs. The 
regulation dose, according to age: Over three years old, full 
dose. From one and one and one-half years old up to three, 
half does. From nine months to eighteen, one-fourth part. 
From four and one-half months old to nine, one-eighth part. 
From one to four and one-half months old, one-sixteenth part. 

LESSON 53. 

Sunstroke or Hieartstroke. — Sunstroke or heartstroke is 
called heartstroke because a horse will have it, and never be 
in the sun at all. So, you see, it is a mistake about the sun 
causing it altogether, don't you? It is caused by becoming 
overheated and too much work, and getting too hot. It is 
also called Isolation, but this is when it is caused from the 
sun. Sunstroke is simply prostration from heat, usually 
in very hot weather, especially when there are thunder show- 
ers. It occurs more often in July and August. Symptoms: 
The animal may be getting along all right, but will suddenly 
get dizzy and weak. After sweating freely, this suddenly 
stops and dries up. He begins to pant, nostrils dilate, hangs 
his head, then finally goes down. In some cases they will 
be completely prostrated, and will lie flat on their side. Oc- 
casionally there are convulsions of the limbs, which are in- 
sensible. He may die in half an hour in spit of professional 
treatment. The temperature may run up to 109 or 110 to 
112, but when it goes to 112 they will never get well. Some- 
times they recover w^hen they only reach 109. There is more 
of fear when there is plenty of water, so I believe that water 
has something to do Avith it. 

Treatment. — If the temperature stays above 105 there is 
great danger — that is. if it stays there any great length of 
time. The first thing to be done is to reduce the tempera- 
ture as quickly as possible. The best way to do this is by 
showering. Some pack on ice. but I like the showering much 
better. You shower the animal with a light spray, then 
Jet him cool off slowly; then he has a chance to make a nice 



—40— 

recovery — far better than to cool him off with ice in a hurry. 
For internal ereatment, giv stimulants: Sptr. vim rectifi, 
(pure alcohol), 4 to 6 oz. every few hours. So, you see, the 
idea is to cool him off and give stimulants. You may inject 
a little strychnine hypodermically, say, half gr, every four 
or five hours, 

LESSON 54. 

Enlargements. — Enlargements, such as puffs of a soft 
nature, in front of any joint or enlarged oscalus, back part 
of the hock. As to wind galls, as they are called, prick them 
in several places with a pen-knife, then rub on the following 
ointment three times a day until you get up a good sore, and 
if the puff hasn^t gone then, take a compress made of 
rubber (elastic) and compress once per day, letting it stay 
on 12 hours each day; or on at night and take off in the 
day. If you can't get the elastic compress already made, I 
will tell you how to make one: Take a good suspender (new) 
and sew the edges together, making it about six inches wide; 
then work holes in so you can lace it as tight as necessary to 
cause the enlarged parts to go away. Remember, you must 
blister the enlarged parts well before using this. 

Don't forget when you put on the elastic bandages you 
must put on a sponge under it, next to the puff. Now, this 
wants to be drawn tolerably tight. These puffs are caused 
by strains, generally caused by overloading animals. Large 
horses are more subject to them than small ones, but any 
colt may have them. They very seldom lame a horse, not- 
withstanding I have seen a few horses lame. The bunch 
had become hard in the places where they were lame, and 
resembled a tumor. In such cases as the last a light blister 
would be of benefit to stop the lameness, even if you do not 
rmove the bunch. 

LESSON 55. 

Blind Staggers. — Blind staggers are caused from the 
capillaries of the brain becoming clogged or coagulated, 
and cease to circulate, and in this stage we would say he 
had congestion of the brain; but you know, as I have told 
you, that inflammation always follows congestion. 

Symptoms. — He stands with his head drooped, and seems 
to be sleepy. (Right here a word: Some people will say 



—41— 

he has sleepy staggers, but remember it is only the first stage 
of blind staggers.) Second stage: He will become restless, 
and walk to the left or right all the time, according to the 
side which is affected most. Third, and last stage. He be- 
comes wild, and will walk over you, or the fence, or anything 
in his way. You can prick him with your knife or any- 
thing, and he will not care for it. He seems to be insensi- 
tive to touch, although I hardly think he is. When they get 
in this stage there is little hope for them, if any at all. 

Treatment. — If you get to him in the first istage, bleed 
him in the nose under the vomer, in the large nasal 
veins, and take as much as two or three gallons 
of blood. We do this to start up circulation. Give No. 
48 at once. To stop the blood take a little piece of 
obsorbent cotton, say, as large as a hen egg, and push it 
up his false nostril to where your knife went through, and 
the blood will stop immediately. Then give him Sulphate 
quinine oz. SS, Spits, vin rectify oz. 10. Sig. Give him 
one ounce in pint of warm water every two hours, and con- 
tinue till gone. If cold weather, keep well blanketed; if 
warm weather, keep him in a well ventilated stall. The cause 
of the capillaries becoming coagulated is from the system 
not being in good condition, and retaining ergot from corn 
and hay and grasses of all kinds — smutty corn and hay espe- 
cially. High-fed horses are more subject to it than any 
other kind. You will find that nine cases out of every ten 
will be high-fed stable horses (horses that are kept up and 
fed on high feed, etc.). What causes blind staggers? How 
are the little veins affected over the brain? What are the 
first symptoms? What the second? What is the first treat- 
ment? WTiat is the second? How much blood would you 
take ? What is blood ? Why do you bleed, if it is injurious 
to bleed? 

LESSON 56. 

Lockjaw or Tetanus. — Lockjaw is caused from two 
things From nail pricks and the hole closing up, and 
not allowing oxygen air to get to it. In this case, you see, 
it would be caused from pain. I have had many cases, and 
most of them were caused from nails, and many of them 
did not make the horse lame. I had a case a short while 
back (the horse belonged to Virge Steger, Bonham, Texas), 



—42— 

that lockjawed from a nail wound, and they did not even 
quit driving him. The wound ishould have been cut out 
funnel shape, "as shown you in lesson/' when it was first 
done, and there would have been no further trouble. But, 
you see, he neglected this and lost a fine horse that he valued 
at $500. With the best of treatment, you cannot save over 
20 out of 100 cases. 

Symptoms. — The horse will stand with his head from his 
body, and his tail arched, and walk stiff, for his muscles are 
contracted. I do not like to treat this disease, for we can 
save so few of them. When they give up, when down, and 
the respiration is not impaired, there is little hope. I find, 
by experience, if he lives fifteen days, he is liable to recover; 
if twenty days, he is sure to recover. The horse, as a rule, 
stands ail the time. If he gets down, he can't recover on 
his side at all; so if his legs become swollen from ctanding, 
you had better make him a good sling and swing him. The 
pulse at first is not affected, but grows stronger and harder 
as the spasm increase. When a spasm throws a horse down, 
there is little hope, especially when he sweats freely. 

Treatment. — Give plenty of pure air, and give no hard 
feed; give gruel made of linseed meal, say, four pounds to 
two gallons of hot water; then cool off and put in a box 
or bucket, so he can drink it. Give no water in any other 
way, and he will need no purgative. If needs other food, 
give him scalded bran and oats mixed. 

Medicine to Give Internall. — Prescription: 

F. E. Gelsemium. 

F. E. Lobelia. 

Tr. Belladonna, a. a. oz. 2. 

AQ. Q. S. O. 1. 

M. Sig. Give one ounce every four hours as a drench, or 
twice as much per anus. Give hypodermically three grains 
of morphine every six hours. 

LESSON 57. 

01 Origanum. — Oil Origanum is an oil made from a 
plant called Wild Margorum. The oflwer is of a pinkish 
color or rose tine. It has heavy leaves, and is a native of 
this country and of Europe. I have seen it growing abun- 
dantly in this country in Virginia, and also in Pennsylva- 



—43— 

ma. I think it blooms* from May until October. It has 
a peculiar odor. When made into oil it is yellow, and smells 
like camphor. Origanum is used mostly in liniments, as it 
is very penetrating. 

Oil of Cedar. — Oil of cedar is made from the cedar 
plant that grows all over the United States. You have 
seen it growing, have you not? The oil is used mostly in 
liniments, mixed with other oils, and cut with alcohol. 

Camphor. — Camphor or Cam-pho-rae is obtained from 
wood of Cinnamomum, or Camphorae. It is imported in 
the crude state ; that is, before it is purified. Camphor 
has been found in different plants, but commercial camphor 
is only derived from two plants. Camphorae of Cinnamo- 
mum; comes in white masses of a tough crystaline struc- 
ture, easily dissolved in a little alcohol, ether or 
chloroform. I will not explain, as you already know 
lution of iron, then run through the wound. This will stop 
hat it means, but will just simply say that you 
will get in the following forms in your practice: Camphorae 
— Gum camphor; dose, internally, dr. 1. Aqua, Camph. 
(water camphor), 1 dr to 1 oz. Linementum Camph. (cam- 
phor liniment), is composed of two parts of camphor and 
eight parts of cotton seed oil. Used in coughs as well as lin- 
iments. Spirits of camphor (spiritus camphora) is com- 
posed of 100 parts of camphor to 1000 parts of alochol. 

Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic or nerve stimu- 
lant, counter irritant, irritates the skin. 

LESSON 58. 

Gelseumium Yellow Jesmine. — (Extractum Gelsemii, 
Fluidum) is made from the root of the above named plant. 
Fluid extract of gelsimium or F. E. Gelsimium. Dose, 1 
dtv. to 1 oz. Physiological action ; nerve seditive, lowers body 
temperature. 

Croton Oil (Ollium Tiglii). — Croton oil is not very much 
used in the horse practice, but I will give you the way to use 
it, and you will understand why it is not used very much. A 
fixed oil expressed from the seed of croton tigilum. When 
given to horses at all, 10 to 25 drops; to cattle, you may give 
one-half to one drachm. Physiological actions — is a power- 
ful irritant; undiluted, it seriously injures the skin, caus- 



14 

ing blemishes, and may cause fever. Cattle are the only 
animals that can take it internally with safety. It can be 
used on dogs, if used with caution. For cattle, as a purga- 
tive. When the bowels will not move, you may give 40 drops 
of croton oil to one-half drachm of calomel; or you may 
give oil tiglii with linseed oil or in salts; but I 
think that it acts best with calomel. A horse in a 
healthy condition will breathe about one time to every 
three beats of the pulse. In other words, he breathes only 
12 times per minute, and if faster, something is wrong some- 
where. There are four stages observed in fever: First: 
Weakness, loss of appetite and low spirits : Second : A shiv- 
er or chill, uneasiness, flanks move quickly and short, nostrils 
more or less ditended, urine cantly and highly colored. Third : 
After a time a coldness is succeeded by a great heat and 
thirst; sometimes one leg or ear is hot and the other cold. 
Fourth: When the fever has lasted for some time the skin 
becomes moist, the bowels and kidneys act more freely; the 
pulse becomes full and the mouth moist. When fever is 
cause or accompanied by disease, it is called symptomatic 
fever, or after an accident the same, or from liver or lungs. 
Fever is called idopathic when not caused by disease or ac- 
cident. Bleeding in the veterinary practice is almost dis- 
carded. We bleed in case of congestion, as I have told you. 
Another thing, while we are on this subject, is this: Any 
animal, while sick, should have a good stall, and fixed so he 
can be comfortable, and have no loud talking or any kind of 
a fuss about him while sick. If you will watch you will see 
that horses are like men in many respects when they are sick. 
They are nervous and have very little patience. I would 
advsie you to always remember this point, as it is very im- 
portant. If any disease be of a very depressed kind, give 
iron and nux vomica and general diet. The nux will keep 
the bowels regulated. 

LESSON" 59. 

Eeview Lesson. — How does the heel of a horse act when 
he is walking? 

If a horse is fifteen hands high, how ought his feet to be 
cut to be proper? 

Why should we not have bearings on the heels of a horse 
when shoeing? 



—45— 

Should a horse's hoof be trimmed from the bottom when 
shoeing ? 

Why should the nails of a shoe fit perfectly and even ? 

How long ought a shoe to stay on a horse ? 

Why should nails come out even, "on a line/' when shoe- 
ing a horse? 

How often does the horse shed the frog when in a healthy 
condition ? 

How many frogs has the horse in each foot, and what 
are their uses? 

Can a foot be healthy without moisture, and why, if not ? 

Can a foot be healthy with water all the time? If not, 
why not? 

Give an illustration why a foot can't be healthy with 
too much water. Without any moisture. 

How many purposes has a non-sensitive frog? 
How many reasons can you give why the nails should 
come out on a level? 

Can you tell me what causes corns on the feet? 

Tell me why the frog should not be cut away? 

Is it wrong to place a hot shoe to a horse's foot? If so, 
why? 

What effect will too much heat have on the foot? 

What is the eye? What is the retina of the eye? What 
is the iris of the eye? 

In the center of the eye is a small black spot. What is 
this called? 

What is the outside of the eye called ? 

Horses that go blind once per month — what is that called ? 
What is it if not moon-eyed ? What causes the eye to become 
this way? 

What spreads the tears over the eyes? What are tears 
composed of? 

What are wolf teeth sometimes called by people who don't 
know anything about teeth ? 

Do these teeth we speak of ever hurt the horse so far as 
value goes? 

What is inflammation of the bowels? What causes it, 
and what time of the year are horses most subejct to it? 

Is there any bloat or swell with this? 

Wliat is the cause of flatulent or wind colic? 



—46— 

What is the last treatment for this disease? 

How can you know this disease from any other? 

How often do you give medicine, and how can you tell 
when medicine has acted? 

Tell me how you would trocar a horse? 

What are we governed by in treating internal disease? 

What is the natural condition of your horse's pulse? 

What does nature do in regard to curing a horse when 
he is sick? What does disease do? 

Does medicine cure? What does it do, then? 

Do nature and disease work in harmony with each other? 

What is the first stage of a disease? Second and third? 
Where is the most proper place to take the temperature? 

Where is the proper place to take or feel the pulse? 

What is the spasmodic colic, and what is the cause? 

Give me the symptoms of spasm oic colic. 

LESSON 60— REVIEW CONTINUED. 

Give me the receipt for spasmodic colic. How often do 
you give medicine, and how can you tell when it has or has 
not had the desired effect? 

What is inflammation of the kidneys, and what is the 
cause? Is this a prevalent disease, or not? What are the 
symptoms in the first stage? What kind of a pulse has he? 

What is lung fever or pneumonia? What time of the 
year do we mostly have it What are the symptoms? Give 
treatment. How often do you give medicine? 

What is thumps. What causes thumps? Did you ever 
know of thumps killing a horse? 

What would he your ohejctions to a horse that had the 
thumps if it did not hurt him? 

What proof have you that it does not disturb the heart? 

What is the peritenum wall? 

When was chloroform discovered? What is the color, 
and what is it composed of? What are its medical proper- 
ties and uses? What is the effect when applied externally? 
How long would it take to put a horse to sleep with it? 

What do we use opium for, and in how many forms do 
we use it in veterinary practice? 

Opii pulvis menus what? What is opii made from? 

Will you please name the receipt for flatulent colic? Hot? 
often do you give this medicine? 



—47— 

What is canibis indicia, and where is it obtained? It 
has another proper name. What is it? 

Of the F. E. Canibas ind., how much is a dose? What 
is its effect? 

What does acidum hydrocanicum mean? What other 
name has it? 

Dilitum means what? 

What effect does hydrocyanic ae. have on the circulation ? 

LESSON 61— REVIEW CONTINUED. 

What is fistula, the cause and diagnosis? 

What is the treatment for fistula? What do you u&e 
to stop the blood, and how ? What do you find at the bottom 
of the fistula? What medicines do you use, and how? 

What does acidum carbolicum mean? What is carbolic 
acid made from ? When pure, what is the color ? What will 
dissolve it What else is it used for? 

Oleum Gossypii Seminis means what? What was it 
made from? 

When was peroxyde of hydrogen discovered? By whom 
and where? What do we principally use it for in veterinary 
practice ? 

What is the word prescription derived from, and what 
is its meaning? 

What does the word cito mean? Curare, tuti, et. jucunde? 

Give me the mark for oz. dr., prescriptions, scruples, etc. 

What is the maximum dose? A minimum dose? What 
does a teaspoonful represent? What does a dessertspoonful 
represent ? One tablespoonful ? A wine glass ? What a cof- 
fee cup? 

Div. means what ? What does T. I. D. mean ? What does 
Q. D. mean? What does filtra mean? Fl. means what? 
What does F. E. mean? Inj. means what? In or in. di. 
means what? 

Regulating the dose, how much should a three and one- 
half-year-old take? 

From one and one-half to three years old? 

From nine to eighteen months? 

From four and one-half months old ? 

What causes sunstroke or heartstroke? 

What are the symptoms of heartstroke? How high does 



—48— 

the temperature go sometimes? In what part of the country 
are they most subject to it? What is the treatment? 

What do we mean when we speak of enlargements on a 
horse? Give treatment for wind galls, so-called. 

LESSON 62— REVIEW CONTINUED. 

Give me a prescription that you would use in blistering. 

Do these puffs or wind galls always lame a horse? 

What is the blind staggers? Symptoms? Treatment? 
How much blood do you take? 

What is lockjaw or tetanus? What is the cause? How 
many different things will bring it on? What are the first 
symptoms we see? If we keep him alive fifteen days, what 
is the chance? If twenty, what is the chance? Give me 
treatment for lockjaw. 

Oil Organum is made from what plant? 

What countries is the plant a native of? 

What is oil of cedar made from ? 

What are these oils mostly for? 

What is camphorae or camphor made from? What are 
the physiological actions of camphor? 

What are the four stages observed in fever? 

When fever is caused or accompanied by disease, what is 
it called? When caused from liver or lungs, it is called 
what? 

Is bleeding practiced very much now in veterinary prac- 
tice? 

What does Extractum Gelsemii Fluidum mean? 

What other name has Gelsimium? 

Ollium tiglii means what? 

What is the physiological action ? 

Ollium tiglii means what? 

What is a dose for a horse? What for a cow? 

How do the muscles of a horse lay? How, then would 
you cut not to cut a large blood vessel? 

How many times does a horse breathe per minute when 
he is breathing naturally? What is his normal circulation? 
How can you tell when a horse has fever ? What is his nat- 
ural temperature? 

LESSON 63. 

Bone Spavin. — Bone spavin is found on the hock or hind 



—49— 

knee of horses and mules. First, there will be found a swell- 
ing, and that will go away, and a hard bunch will be left, 
and you will hear people say: "My horse is lame; din't you 
see that big knot?" I will say here, and you must not for- 
get it, the knot or bunch that you see on the leg does not 
cause lameness, and it is a big mistake that people get into 
their heads about spavin. Spavin is caused from strain, from 
hard pulling, or from getting a leg hung in a hole, or from 
falling through a hole in a bridge, etc. Anyway, it is caused 
from a strain. It is a strain of the cartilege of the capsule 
that surrounds all joints. A cartilege is a hard gristle that 
holds the joints together, and prevents the bones from coming 
together. Now, if you will listen, I will tell you what causes 
a horse to go lame when he has spavin, and you will agree 
with me that it is not the bunch on his leg that causes 
lameness, but that it is caused from the friction of the joint. 
The capsule being ruptured or bursted, the synovia fluid (or 
joint oil — you have seen it when cutting a beef's knee) which 
keeps up the wear and tear of the joint (in man or beast) is 
allowed 1o leak out when the joint is ruptured, and the horse 
gets lame from the friction of the joint. Proof: You take 
a spavin horse (ask any one who ever owned one) and they 
will tell vou that when he first starts off, after stopping awhile, 
he can hardly go. Why? Because while standing, the oil 
has leaked out, and the parts rub together roughly and cause 
lameness. Now, what makes the bunch on the outside of the 
rupture, or the knot, as vou may call it ? This is easy enough 
explained. The laceration from the joint (the joint oil) 
deposits itself outside of the bone, of course, just as all synovia 
form other joints not ruptured. Of course, if it was put 
there bv nature to make bone, it will continue just the same 
after the rupture as before. It is inhuman to cut this bunch 
off, as some people will advise. Don't you see that it will 
only make bad matters worse? It will only make the rup- 
ture larger and more difficult to cure with the right treat- 
ment. Treatment: If you get to it early, you can kill it 
wtih salve called No. 8. 

Sig. Shave off the hair and take a little sharp instru- 
ment (called nuncturing iron) or knife blade and Dunctnre 
or prick 75 little holes in the bunch to the bore and then 
apply medicine to the part and bandage. (Make bandage 



—50— 

ag I taught you in treating wind galls.) Keep this up nine 
days, and then let him stand 20 days or more to give rupture 
time to knit together. You see, the puncturing and the salve 
get up a great inflammation, and this is what helps to effect 
a cure. In a very bad case, say from one to one and a half 
year's standing, you would have to fire the horse. I will pro- 
ceed to tell you how this should be done: You first shave 
off the hair as before, and get about three sharp-pointed fir- 
ing pins (made for the purpose, or you can have them made) , 
swelled at one end like a solderig iron, so that it will hold 
the heat. (See firing instruments on another page). Build 
a fire and place your irons in the fire, and get them to a 
white heat (not red), have some one to hold up the opposite 
leg so he won't kick you, and proceed to fire as you punctured, 
or not so close together. Make the holies about a quarter 
of an inch apart, and go all over the bunch, puncturing it to 
the bone. Bandage as before, and use hog larg instead of 
medicine. 

LESSON 64. 
Fistula of the Sternum or Breast Bone. — This is a very 
difficult disease. The sternum is an elongated cartilege that 
the ribs attach themselves to, and protect the lungs, heart, 
etc., from jars and injury. Many people think we have fis- 
tula only on the wethers, but we have it on various parts of 
the animal. We call it pollevil when on the poll of the 
head, but it is the same asi on the wethers, and would be 
called fistula. Fistula of the sternum is caused mostly by 
a prick or a kick. Let me give you some experience here 
I have had with fistula of the sternum at Denison. A man 
by the name of Steve Hitchcock had a fine race colt to jump 
on a picket and a little back and upward, struck the sternum 
about the forth cutlet (rib) that rupture the cartilege of the 
sternum and caused a running sore. He and another man 
began doctoring it, injecting first one thing and then another. 
They kept that up until the second Tuesday in December, 
which was about two weeks from the time that he sent for 
me. I went, and in the presence of another veterininarian 
told him that h would never get well until an operation was 
performed. He seemed to doubt my opinion, and kept up 
the same treatement for weeks, when he called me again. T 
went, and on examination I found that the bone had become 



—51— 

necrossed about six inches, and was running corruption behind 
fore leg, and in front, and at the same point where the picket 
had entered, which went directly to the point mentioned. I 
told him that the bone was necrossed, but that his colt was 
in much worse conditon than when I saw it before. He 
submitted to an operation, and the work was done. First, 
harness was put on the horse, and he was cast, turned on 
his back, legs drawn down, wth one man to each leg (to hold 
to side) and one to hold the head. The operation first began 
bu cutting the skin about six inches backward and about an 
inch deep, then drawing cotton saturated with MonselPs solu- 
ton through the cut. The blood was stopped, and I continued 
to cut until I went to the breast bone. There I found this 
diseased bone; then with a curet (a sharp, cup-shaped in- 
strument) I scraped the bone, taking away all the diseased 
part, which must have been a teacup full or more. After 
the operation I washed out the wound good with a weak 
solution of bichloride, about 1 to 500, and then pacged with 
absorbent cotton and let stand four hours. Then, removing 
the cotton, I proceeded to treat as I taught you in former 
lessons. Now, if you will follow my instructons above, you 
can perform ths operation. The main thing, and mos suc- 
cessful thing, in fistula is to not be afraid to cut. Give me 
prescription for treating fistula. 

LESSON 65. 

Blain in Cattle. — This disease has many different names. 
It is known better by the symptoms, The animal is stupid 
and dull, eyes run water and are inflamed, and a continual 
stream of saliva runs from the mouth. You will also find 
.ulcers under the tongue, in the back part of the mouth, or 
both. The lids of the eyes swell and the lids may become 
red. There may be swelling on other parts of the body as 
the disease advances. The saliva may be streaked with blood, 
the pulse quickened, the flanks heave and the animal begins 
rapidly to lose flesh. 

Treatment. — The ulcers may be lanced, making a large 
opening. You will find a yellow fluid to run out, and likely 
pus. Take ten grains of carbolic acid, one dr. tr. opii to one 
ounce of warm water. Then take a goose or chicken feather 
from the wing and thoroughly swab out and clean the ulcers. 



—52— 

After this is done, take salt and water and wash the parts 
and use my blood purifier in tablespoonful doses twice or 
three times a day, as you think the case requires. If the 
bowels are constipated, give 15 oz. sulphate magnesia in quart 
of warm water. Eepeat this every 12 hours till the bowels 
move good. If the fever is high, giv 20 or 30 gtts. of T. R. 
Aconite root every 30 minutes until fever goes down. The 
animal must be well cared for, and kept in good shelter. 
Feed on soft feed, such as bran, mash, etc. This 1 disease is 
caused from eating poisonous weeds, etc., generally in the 
spring while cattle are pasturing. After death, if you will 
dissect, you will find the stomach lined with little ulcers; 
also the intestines. The normal pulse in cattle is 45 beats 
per minute; respiration about 12 per minute. The most 
accurate place to find the pulse is under the jaw (on lingual 
artery) at bulge — wide part. Purgative for cattle when sick 
with blain. This is to be given immediately after you detect 
what the trouble is : 

Sulphate of magnesia, o.z 18. 

Oleum Tiglii, Gtt. 10. 

Calomel, Gr. 30. 

Warm water, qt, 1. 

M. 

Sig. Give at one does, and if it does not have the desired 
effect, repeat in 24 hours. Now, don't forget if the weather 
is cold, or even damp, that the animal should be kept in shel- 
ter. 

LESSON 66. 

Constipation of the Bowels. — Cattle are very subject to 
this trouble, especially in the winter and early spring, but 
may be found at any season of the year. The most com- 
mon causes are bad treatment, unsound food, starvation, poor 
shelter in bad weather. These are the symptoms of all in- 
flammatory diseases. 

Simptoms. — The faeces (or dung) is seen in hard lumps, 
and requires quite an effort to pass it. The nose becomes 
dry. the breath hot, and great change of countenance on part 
of sufferer. The pulse will be found quick, and everything 
will indicate fever. No time should be lost, and you should 
resort to treatment at once. Soft water and castile soap 
should be used freely per rectum, and warm linseed oil given 



—53— 

in 16-oz. doses every six hours until bowels are open good, 
then give my blood purifier in tablespoonful doses every 12 
hours tor at least two weeks. Be sure to feed on soft feed, 
such as bran mashes and green grass, if in the spring. Your 
cow will die every time if you don't resort to proper treat- 
ment. 

Diarrhoea in Calves. — This is a common and very destruc- 
tive disease. Many calves are lost for want of proper treat- 
ment in this disease. It most frequently occurs before the 
calf is three weeks old. It is then caused by the milk being 
unwholesome, or being exposed to cold, or from being half- 
starved. Then one full meal will produce diarrhoea or purg- 
ing. It frequently occurs when the mother dies, or the 
calf is taken away and half cared for. Great care should 
be taken at the time of weaning. The changing of food or 
gruel should be given with caution, as too large a mass might 
contract the disease, and it is very difficult to arrest. The 
sudden channge must be effected slowly, the new milk being 
mixed with gruel or skimmed milk. 

Symptoms. — The calf is continually straining. The mat- 
ter that is passed is mixed with slime or mucus, sometimes 
streaked with blood. The calf staggers when he walks, and 
refuses to eat or take food of any kind, and becomes very 
weak. At the latter stage of this disease the calf is hardly 
able to rise alone, the dung becomes more thin, and is mostly 
mucus and blood. The best thing in this disease, as in all 
others, is to take it in time. 

Treatment. — Take tr. or opii, 1 to 2 dr., boiled sweet milk, 
one-half pint. Mix together, and give every six hours. If 
the purging is not arrested, add to this one level teaspoonful 
of chalk (prepared), the chalk being well powdered. The 
does will depend on the age of the calf. If only a few days 
old, half the quantity will be sufficient. As he begins to 
recover, great caution should be taken not to feed him too 
much at once. 

LESSON" 67. 

Costiveness in Cattle. — Calves are sometimes attacked with 
this disease when only a few days old. It is then caused 
by the coagulation of the milk in the bowels, and you will 
see the bowels terribly distended. Tn this case you will give 
very thin meal gruel (corn meal, I mean), and a table- 



—54-^ 

spoonful sulphate of magnesia as drench, and give freely, 
injections of castile soap and warm water. The cure in very 
young calves is not certain, but it is not well to sit dows and 
do nothing. This has, in many cases been effective. When 
calves, two or three months old, become affected, it is usually 
due to too sudden changes of fluid food, as from, gruel to dry 
or stimulating food. This is a dangerous complaint, as the 
paunch is likely to be filled up with undigested food. Now, 
an operation with the hand (have the arm well oiled) and 
empty the back bowels, may be of great value. Eake it well. 
Also dissolve half pound of epsom salts in one pint of warm 
water and drench. If this does not operate in six hours, 
repeat until it does operate. Then with a small quantity of 
linseed oil will be good, and as the animal begins to come to 
himslf again, give a small quantity of my blood purifier 
once or twice per day in food as he will eat it. This will 
correct digestion and give him pure secretions. I will give 
you my ideas on bleeding. I do but little bleeding. My 
reasons are easily explained. First, the food and substances 
that enter the stomach make the blood, and the blood makes 
every secretion, and secretions act to organs the same as 
moisture does to vegetables. If you deprive a plant of 
moisture, decay is the result. It is true that blood is life, 
and when you bleed, you are sapping away vitalitqy. Re- 
member that medicine does not cure man or beast; that all 
we can do is to assist nature by application and administra- 
tion of medicines. Then we can see the wrong that may 
be done in bleeding away the best agent that God has been 
so wise to create. No man or beast can have too much pure 
blood. Show me a man with a good supply of pure blood, 
and I will show you a robust, healthy man; one that, if he 
should meet with a serious wound, and you should ask his 
physician if he thought he would recover, you would hear 
him say: "Well, it is a serious wound, but a man with an 
extraordinary constitution, a good supply of blood and lots 
of vitality, like him, has a good show for recovery." But 
reverse the case, and the doctor will sigh and say: "Well, 
I don't know; he has but little blood, vitality is small, and 
we can only hope for the better, but chances are against 
him." So, you see, if the blood should be impure, and you 
bleed him, you take away the good blood with the bad. So 



—55— 

you will only make bad matters worse. The animals need 
all the vitality they possess to remove disease. If a man 
only bleeds to start up circulation, where there is congestion, 
I have nothing to say against it, for I sometimes do thatf 
myself ; but some men bleed by the gallon to purify the blood. 
If your horse's blood is bad, and he is in bad condition, I 
would advise you to give him a course of my blood tonic No. 
37. "For sale by all leading druggists/' This will cleanse 
the blood of its impurities, and then the blood will produce 
more secretions, and that is what is needed to make a healthy 
constitution. As a general rule, men that are in favor of 
bleeding are men who know but little (or nothing) of the 
physiology of the blood and of the secretions. 

LESSON 68. 

Hoose in Calves. — This is a disease to which calves are 
very subject. The calf coughs as if he had a cold, but soon 
runs into consumption and results in death. After death, 
thousands of little worms may be found to inhabit the air 
passages, but before death the latter symptoms are a slight 
discharge at the nostrils, often tinged with blood; the breath 
is hot, the pulse quick, the eyes run water and the bowels 
are costive. Still, in some cases, I have seen the bowels 
loose, but streaked with mucus. 

Treatment. — As soon as the calf begins to cough violently, 
you should make it as comfortable as possible. Give it my 
blood tonic in teaspoonful doses every six hours, and 20 to 
30 gtts. of turpentine. If costive, give injection of soapsuds 
and warm water after the turpentine has been given. If the 
fever is high, give tr. belladonna and aconite root, 12 to 15 
drops of each, three or four times a day till the fever abates. 
The blood tonic is to cleanse the blood and open the bowels. 
The turpentine is given for those little worms. Tr. aconite 
and belladonna is to reduce the fever and prevent the excite- 
ment to the heart so it will perform its affair properly. Tr. 
of Veratrum and Digitalis, 10 drops each, will substitute for 
aconite and belladonna. Learn this, and do not wait until 
your calf is sick, and then have to look it up. Always take 
the case in time, for that is half, or more, in the successful 
treatment for man or beast. A stitch in time saves nine. 
Canker in the mouth of calves follows each other so fast in 



—56— 

cutting that the gums and mouth become sore, and this id 
not an uncommon disease, either. 

Symptoms. — The calf refuses to suck, and you can see a 
continual discharge from the mouth. Numerous little pim- 
ples will be formed in the mouth or on the tongue. As the 
disease progresses, these little pimples run together and form 
ulcers, and the breath becomes very offensive. 

Treatment. — Give one and one-half ounces of epsom salts 
dissolved in warm water. Eepeat this dose eevry six hours 
gratil bowel? are loose. Then keep in good shape by giving 
a tablespoonful of my blood tonic every six hours. Burn 
ulcers with diluted carbolic acid by the use of a mop on a 
stick made of cotton, and follow this with alum wash. Re- 
peat this every morning until ulcers are dried up. If the 
calf needs nourishment, give him milk, just milked from 
the cow. You can do this with a syringe. 

LESSON 69. 

Flux or Slimy Black Rot in Cattle. — This disease is very 
prevalent in spring and fall. It is more common on wet 
or swampy land, but is found on all kinds of land. It is 
among the worst diseases that cows are subject to, and is a 
common disease. It destroys more cattle than all other dis- 
eases put together. It begins by frequent effort to expel the 
dung, which is thin, slimy and dark. The animal is restless, 
and shows plainly that she is suffering great pain. Fre- 
quently dropping down and rising again, and you will hear 
a rumbling sound in the bowels. If treatment is not readily 
resorted to, you will lose the case, although he may seem- 
ingly get better and chew the cud, but he will get weak, and 
his food will go through him undigested. There is no ques- 
tion but what this is a liver complaint or affection, and as 
we surgeons make the diagnosis, we tap the animal gently 
over the liver, and he will be seen to shrink, for the blow 
caused apparent pain. If these symptoms are present, there 
is no doubt but what this dreaful disease is present. I might 
say right here that if you were selecting cattle for the mar- 
ket, or otherwise, test the liver, as it will enable you to detect 
any unsoundness of it, and may be money in your pocket, for 
this disease may be lurking in the system, and the animal 
be apparently well. Now, as this disease progresses, the 



—57— 

dung runs off, and has a very offensive smell ; the hair stands 
on end and the nose dry, the pulse is quick, the eyes inflamed, 
and the animal breathes hard. Causes: The causes are va- 
rious. Among them is taking cold; getting hot from long 
drives and turning on damp pastures cattle, especially that 
are used to being kept up; or, if it be a cow, it may be 
taking cold after calving. It may be produced by bad shel- 
tering or poor food during the winter. There is perfect evi- 
dence that the mucus membrane of the intestines is inflamed, 
so a good blister opposite affected part will be of great value. 
Treatment. — Give small doses of raw warm linseed oil 
three or four times a day. Also give aconite and belladonna 
in 15 gtt. of each to run fever down, and half ounce tr. opii. 
every three or four hours until rest is assured. As the ani- 
mal begins to recover, give on tablespoonful of my blood tonic 
three times a day in bran. The use of this medicine will 
purify the blood and secretions and act slightly on the bowels; 
and as it will be dangerous to stop the purging too suddenly, 
these powders will be of great value. It is also good for the 
purification of the secretions of the liver. You should be 
careful for awhile; make him comfortable, and do not allow 
him to eat too much green food at once. But if this treat- 
ment fails to stop the purging, you may know that the liver 
is too badly deranged for the disease to yield, so you must 
give blue mass twice a day, night and morning. The dose 
may be half a scruple. Keep the animal out of bad weather, 
and about every four or five days give four or five ounces of 
sulphate magnesia in one quart warm water. 

LESSON" 70. 

HINTS EELATIYE TO MILCH CATTLE.— When 

your cow has impure blood, you may see the hair drop off in 
patches, also a scurff will be seen at the roots of the hair, and 
lumps on the skin. If let run ulcers and sores come out on 
the neck and body. There may be seen pus and corruption 
discharging from the eyes. This disease is a twin brother 
to farcy m the horse, and is nothing more or less than badly 
adulterated blood. Causes : Bad shelter in fall and winter, 
unwholesome food, half starvation, neglect and carelessness, 
with cruelty and ignorance of men. These are the principal 
causes. How milk is produced: Now, let me reason 



—58— 

with you awhile. I will give you a scientific view 
of how the milk is produced, then you can better un- 
derstand what kind of substance you are daily taking 
into your stomach when you drink the milk or eat the butter 
made from such cows. I feel sure, if you understand the 
truth of how milk is produced, that there would be more in- 
terest taken with every one, and there would be more fat and 
healthy cows. Now I will explain the process of how milk 
is produced. First, the food and every substance taken into 
the stomach makes the blood. The organs of digestion are 
as follows: The mouth, teeth tongue, glands, esophagus, 
stomach, duodenum, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and 
thoracic duct. The last is the largest of the absorbent sys- 
tem and the canal through which much of the chyle and 
lymph is conveyed to the blood. It begins by convergence 
and union of the lymphatic or the lumbar vertebrae below 
and in front of the spinal column; then it parses upward 
through the diaphragm to the lower part of the neck; then 
curves forward and downward, opening into subdivision vein 
near its junction near the jugular vein, which leads to the 
heart. Consequently we see how blood is produced. Then 
the blood produces every secretion, and every secretion is 
supplied with mineral and nutriment properties. As milk 
is a secretion and produced by the blood (and the truth is, 
nothing that produces milk but the blood), then how impor- 
tant it is to have pure blood in milch cows. Milk, when 
produced, is secreted in the lacteal glands of the female. These 
glands consist of numerous follicles, around an excretory duct, 
which unite with similar ducts coming from other places. 
By successive unions they form large branches called lac- 
teferious ducts, which open from 20 to 30 minute orifices on 
the extremity of the lacteal glands. The most constituent 
of milk in a healthy, pure-blood animal is casine. It also 
contains oily saccharine substances. Now, of course, I am 
aware that this information is not new science, but there are 
millions of men, women and children who eat butter and 
drink milk from cows who never give it a single thought as to 
how milk is produced or where it comes from; so you see why 
I take the trouble to make this so plain to you. You will now 
see the necessity of feeding sound food to milch cows and of 
keeping their blood and secretions pure and healthy. Think 



—59— 

how many cows you see that are poor, scabby, and likely trace 
running sores all over their bodies; their hair falling off in 
big patches, and from every indication the blood is very im- 
pure and we might term it (excuse me) rotten. If you wish 
to see what you are taking into your own stomach for the 
blood to impregnate every organ with those poisons or im- 
purities through the secretions, look at the milk from such 
a cow through a magnifying glass. I am sure that you will 
never use such milk again with a good appetite, if at all. 
Now you can better understand my Blood Tonic. Give one 
or two doses per day and you will be doubly paid for the 
time and money spent. 

LESSON 71. 

Texas or Splinic Fever. This disease, whoh has its ori- 
gin in low lands of the Western States mostly (we have it 
in Florida sometimes), is very destructive and kill lots of 
cattle by being communicated from one field to another. The 
germs are killed by the first heavy frost and are only com- 
municated to Northern cattle by cattle driven in there or 
shipped, being fed at the same place. The animals that take 
it this way do not transmit it to another. That shows it does 
not exist in climates where frost occurs. There is no danger 
of this disease breaking out where cattle are not permitted to 
pasture, even in summer. We have this disease a great deal 
in Texas. It was taken to Missouri by shipping cattle from 
Texas there, and the loss was very great to the native stock- 
raising men of Missouri — to those who pasture their cattle. 
The stage of incubation is from two to six weeks. The blood 
undergoes a change and some of its elements escape into the 
tissues of the body and into the urine, giving it a bloody ap- 
pearance. 

Diagnosis. — As in pneumonia, the temperature runs up 
to 104, or even 106; the pulse rises from normal to 75 or 
more. The fever is generally preceded by a chill; the dung 
and the urine become scant, high-colored or bloody; the 
milk fails rapidly (if in a cow) ; yellow water is seen to dis- 
charge from the mouth and nose ; looks wild out of the eyes ; 
the back is arched, the flanks become hollow, the gait stag- 
gering; the hair looks rough; the animal has a cough; the 
urine coagulates on boiling; the mucus membrane of the nose 
becomes yellow and the anus red. There is but little trace 



—60— 

of the disease in the first, second or third stomachs, but the 
fourth stomach shows congestion and the intestines are tinged 
with blood. The liver is not affected, but the gall bladder is 
filled with dark colored bile. The kidneys are also congested 
and the secretions in the bladder are stained with blood and 
the spleen is much affected and enlarged. In healthy cattle 
the spleen should weigh from one to one and a half pounds, 
but in cattle with this disease, the spleen has been known 
to weigh as much as seven or eight pounds; hence, we give it 
the name of splinic fever. 

Treatment. — The animal should at once be put in a com- 
fortable stall, well bedded, and receive good attention. Give 
following prescription every two hours until fever abates: 
Give immediately 18-oz. sulphate magnesia, dissolved in one 
quart of warm water. 

F. E. Aconite, dr 1. 

Gentian Pad F. E., 1 oz. 

Amon. chl., 1 oz. 

Potass, nit. 1 oz. 
Mix. Give one ounce dose every hour. 

LESSON 72. 

Terms Used in Practice. — 1. Acid? Ans. Sour. 2. Ac- 
celerate? Ans. Growing quicker or faster, as an accelerated 
pulse. Abscess? Ans. A swelling containing pus. 4. Ab- 
lactation? Ans, Weary from suckling. 5. Abortion? Ans. 
To lose the young before time. 6. Abcission? Cutting away 
or removing a part. 7. Absorb? Ans. Taking up or swal- 
lowed up. 8. Absorbent? Vessels which absorb or suck up, 
as the lymphatic glands, 9. Absorption? Ans. Taking up 
by the blood vessels of the body any substance. 10. Acardia- 
trophia? Ans. Atrophy or wasting of the heart. 11. Abrade? 
Ans. To wear away. 12. Abdomen ? Ans. The portion of the 
body containing the stomach and the intestines. 13. Abnor- 
mal? Ans. That which is not natural. 14. Abomasum? Ans. 
The last, or fourth, stomach. 15. Actual? Ans, The produc- 
tion of an immediate effect, 16. Acenic? Ans. Strong growth 
of the liver. 17. Acrid? Ans. Sharp, irritating, or a strong 
acid. 18. Acute? Ans. Sharp, severe disease, those which 
soon come to an end, in contradistinction. 19. Albumen? 
Ans. Substance resembling the white of an egg. 20. Albu- 



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minuria? Ans. That condition in which the urine contains 
albumen. 21. Ailment? Ans. Solid or liquid substance. 22. 
Affluence? Ans. Delermative of blood to a part. 23. Ali- 
mentary canal? Ans. The bowels. 24. Affection? Ans. Dis- 
ease of some part. 25. Alkali? Ans. Any substance that 
neutralizes an acid. 26. Etiology? Ans. Relating to the doc- 
trine or cause of disease. 27. Alterative? Ans. A medicine 
changing the function of the body. 28. Aerate. Ans. Mix- 
ing with air, as the blood does in the lungs of all animals. 29. 
Alveoli? Ans. The sockets in the jaw bone where the teeth 
are fastened. 30. Axanrosis? Ans. Partial or total loss of 
sight from paralysis of the retina of the eye. 31. Adipose? 
Ans. Fatty matter. 32. Aubury? Ans. A soft spongy tu- 
mor. 33. Adhesive? Ans. That which adheres. 34. Ad- 
hesion? Ans. Joining together. 35. Anurism. Ans. Dila- 
tion of an artery on the heart. 36. Adermatrophy ? Ans. 
Wasting of the skin (atrophy). 37. Analysis? Ans. Sepa- 
rating into parts. 38. Adenitis? Ans. Inflammation of a 
gland. 39. Ancholosis? Ans. The stiffening of a joint. 40. 
Antiseptic? Ans. Agents preventing putrif action. 41. Ape- 
rient? Laxative medicine. 42. Anesthetic? Ans. That 
which deprives the animal of suffering, such as chloroform, 
ether, etc. 43. Apoplexy? Ans. Sudden affusion of the 
blood into the substance of the brain. 44. Anodyne? Ans. 
Medicine to allay pain. 45. Aqueous. Ans. Watery. 46. 
Antagonism ? Ans. One contradicting another. 47. Anterior ? 
Ans. In front. 48. Articulate? Ans. Joining together. 49. 
Anthelmintic ? Ans. Medicine to expel or to kill worms. 50. 
Asthma? Ans. A disease which causes a difficulty in the 
breathing. 51. Anti-periodic? Ans. A medicine to prevent 
the return of the paroxysm in periodic diseases. 52. Astrin- 
gent? That which causes contraction of the bowels. 53. Au- 
ricle? Ans. The external part of the ear. 54. Attenuate? 
.Ans. To draw out, to make small. 5. Augment? Ans. To 
increase. 56. Ausculation? Ans. The act of listening to 
sound. 

LESSOR 73. 

1. Vertigo? Ans. Dizziness. 2. Vesicle? A small blister. 

3. Villi? Fine fibers. 4. Virus? Contagious matter. 5. 

Virulent? Dangerous. 6. Vision? The act of seeing. 7. 

Vital? Having or containing life. 8. Vivify? To bring to a 



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vital state. 9. Vulva? The outer opening of the female — 
the generative parts. 10. Wane? To decrease. 11. War- 
bles? Small, hard tumor. 12. Withers? The long part of 
the shoulder. 13. Windgalls? A distension of synovia mem- 
branes. 14. Uterus? A lay in which the young are carried 
before birth. 15. Suture? A stitch. 16. Sympathy? The 
connection existing between two or more organs. 17. Synovia? 
A fluid resembling the white of an egg. 18'. Thorax? The 
chest. 19. Torsion? The act of twisting. 20. Trachea? The 
windpipe. 

LESSON 74. 
1. Diminution? Ans. The lessening or decreasing. 2. Con- 
fluent? Eunning together. 3. Dilute? To make thin. 4. 
Condiment? Substance used to flavor food. 5. Excresence? 
Unnatural. 6. Graminivorous? Feeding on grain or grass 
as feed. 6. Dilation? Expanding. 8. Florid? Red or scar- 
let. 9. Excrement? Refuse matter. 10. Concretion? Ad- 
herence of a part. 11. Contusion? Wound made by blow 
or bruise. 12. Foetus? The young before its birth. 13. Fo- 
mentation? The application of warmth and moisture. 14. 
Friction? Exciting circulation. 15. Fumigate? Application 
of smoke or vapor. 16. Function? The office or duty of any 
part of the body. 17. Fundament? The anus. 18. Fungus? 
An unnatural growth. 19. Ganghorn? Nerve fibres. 20. Gan- 
grene? Death of a part. 21. Gastric? Pertaining to the 
stomach. 22. Gastritis? Inflammation of the stomach. 23. 
Generate? To beget offspring. 24. Genital? Relating to 
production of young. 25. Gland? A structure of secret- 
ing. 26. Gestation? Being with young. 27. Gleet? Thin 
matter from an ulcer. 28. Glottis? The narrow opening 
at the top of the windpipe. 29. Gramivorous? Feeding 
on grass and other vegetables. 30. Diffuse? To extend or 
drive out. 31 Diarrhoea? Watery discharge from the 
bowels. 32. Diaphragm? The large flat muscle that divides 
the heart and lungs from the stomach and intestines. 33. 
Diaphoretic? A medicine which causes sweating. 34. Diag- 
nosis? The distinction of one disease from another. 35. 
Diabetis? Excessive flow of the urine. 36. Develop? To 
increase. 37. Determents? Medicines- having the power of 
cleansing? 38. Desieate? To make dry. 39. Dermal? Be- 
longing to the skin. 40. Depilatory? Any agent that causes 



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a loss of hair. 41. Dens? A tooth. 42. Delirium? Insan- 
ity. 43. Deleterious? Poisonous. 44. Degenerate? To 
become worse. 45. Defecation? Purifying from impurities. 
46. Decompose? To decay. 47. Debility? Weakness. 48. 
Cystitis? Inflammation of the bladder. 49. Cystic duct? 
The duct which proceeds from the gall bladder. 

LESSON 75. 

1. Cyst? A small bladder. 2. Contorted? Twisted. 3. 
Chyme? The food modified and prepared by the stomach. 
4. Contagious? A disease that may be communicated by 
breath or in contact with the body. 5. Constriction? Draw- 
ing or binding together. 6. Congestion? Clogged blood. 7. 
Cicatrice? Scar from a wound. 8. Conception? Fecunda- 
tion by action of a male. 9. Comatose? Constant sleep. 10. 
Coma? Drowsiness produced by depression of the brain. 11. 
Coition? The act of copulation. 12. Colon? A large gut. 
13. Collapse? Falling together. 14. Coagulate? To clot. 
15. Castrate? To deprive of testicles. 16. Curb? A soft 
swelling. 17. Culdesac? A sac closed at one end. 18. 
Crusta? A scab. 19. Crisis? The point of a change. 20. 
Costa? A rib. 21. Corrugation? Contracting the skin into 
wrinkles. 22. Corrosive? That which eats away. 23. Co- 
pious? A discharge. 24. Convoluted? Polled together. 25. 
Convalescent? Health after sicknes. 26. Chronic? Linger- 
ing, long standing. 27. Castrate? To geld. 28. Chrondi- 
tis? Inammflation of a cartilege. 29. Chyle? Bile. 30. 
Chalybeate? Any medicine that contains iron. 31. Cere- 
bral? Pertaining to the brain. 32. Caustic? Any medicine 
that burns. 33. Cathartic? Purgative medicine. 34. Cata- 
plasm? A poultice. 35. Carotid canal? A canal through 
which the carotid artery passes. 36. Oaraminitive ? Medi- 
cine which warms or stimulates. 37. Capsule? A sack or 
membranous bag. 38. Capsular ligament? A ligament that 
surrounds a joint. 39. Capillary? Hair like. 40. Callous? 
A hard deposit, bonv. 

LESSON 76. 

Fractures of the Bones. — There are three kinds of 
fractures: simple, compound, and complex. In simple 
fracture the bone is broken without any complications. In 
compound the ends of the bones push through the flesh and 



—64— 

protrude. In complex the bone is shattered in several pieces. 

How to Test for Broken Limbs. — You can tell by the 
unnatural position of the limb, the way it hangs, by the 
grating of the bones upon one another when the parts are 
moved. As a rule, bones are more easily repaired in cattle 
than horses, owing to the cattle being more quiet. 

How to Treat a Fracture. — Place the bones as near to- 
gether as possible, and prepare a plaster made of plaster of 
paris. Make the plaster by applying water until you have a 
thin paste. Then apply the bandage, say, about six or eight 
feet long; then, holding the bones to place, go round and 
round the limb (as taught you in lesson), until your band- 
age is all taken up. Make sling (as cut shown on another 
page), and swing the animal before you undertake to apply 
the bandage. Let bandage stay on about 30 days, and keep 
in swing about six weeks. Feed on soft feed and keep bow- 
els well open. Compound fractures are nearly always fatal; 
or if broken in a joint where the synovial fluid is allowed to 
leak out, it will leave the joint stiff. My advice would be 
to kill the animal in a case like that. 

LESSON 77. 

Teeth and Wolf Teeth.— Wolf teeth are small teeth. 
They come out just in front of the molar teeth above. 
Some think they affect the nerve, some think they cause en- 
largements on the head, and some think they cause gleeting 
at the nose; some one thing and some another, commonly 
called blind teeth ; but let me say right here that they never 
cause any serious trouble. They do not form abscesses ; they 
do not cause big head, neither do they interfere with the 
mastication of food. When there is a knot on the head, it 
is caused from a molar tooth, or else it is caused from a 
kick or hurt of some kind. Most all horses have these 
teeth, but most of them lose them out while eating, and 
should the knot or enlargement be found on the head (no 
matter what the cause), and teeth be found in the mouth, 
why, then, of course, the blind teeth are the cause of it. 
ISTow, remember what T have snid on this subject, and don't 
be led to believe that these teeth (called blind teeth) cause 
any trouble whatever. Horses very often have toothache. 
How to know it: It will be noticed by the horse holding 



—65— 

his head to one side while drinking or eating. We also 
have teeth with ulcers on the root, just like a man. We 
detect this with a tooth sound or a little hammer. When 
you tap on the tooth that is affected, he will give way to 
pain. A discharge from a tooth is often taken for nasal 
gleet, and sometimes for glanders, by those that know noth- 
ing regarding stoc, and let me tell you right here, they are 
few and far between who know anything about the diseases 
of stock. Lots of men are good judges of horses, but know 
nothing about the diagnosis of a disease. They are excus- 
able, however, for they have never been taught anything on 
this line. Sometimes when the lower teeth are ulcerated, 
it will break out at the lower part of the jaw, and sometimes 
at the root of the tongue, and the odor is just awful to smell. 
Sometimes a tooth gets broken off or pulled out, and the 
one above (if it be a lower tooth out), will extend up until 
it cuts the gum, and even prevents the proper mastication 
of food, and causes the horse to suffer a great deal, and 
even cause death — if not directly, indirectly. Such teeth 
should be removed. Uneven teeth very often lacerate the 
mouth and cause much trouble. All such teeth, if sound, 
should be dressed down smooth by the use of a tooth rasp, 
and if decayed they should be pulled out. We have other 
horses that have a mouth called parrot mouth. This is where 
the upper nippers protrude over the under ones, or the under 
ones come in front of the upper ones. Such teeth should 
be kept cut off to keep from lacerating the gums. You should 
never let a colt's tooth stay in the mouth long enough 
to cause the gums to get inflamed. 

AGE OF HOESES FBOM 3 TO 21. 

At 3 years old he has four matured adult teeth, two in 
center above and below. At 4 years, he has eight, four above 
and below. At 5 years he has 12, six above and below, called 
nippers ; and all these teeth have dark cavities in the center, 
called cups. At 6 years old the cups in two center teeth in 
lower jaw wear out. At 7, next two, one on either side of 
first two, wear out. At 8 all cups wear out in lower jaw. 
At 9, cups in center teeth above wear out. At 10, next two 
wear out, on each side of first two. At 11, cups in corner 
teeth above half wear out. At 12 all wear out, or you find 



—66— 

them worn as much as you will ever see them. At 13 a 
groove starts, as you see in cut, down on outside and in 
center of corner teeth above, and you find it comes one-eighth 
the length of tooth each year until 21 years old, then you 
find the groove has reached the lower end of the tooth. 

LESSON 78. 
Teeth; of Cattle. — The calf is very often born with 
rippers, or they will show in nine or ten days from birth* — 
1 mean two nippers. About 20 or 25 days the second nip- 
pers will appear — the ones next to the middle ones; about 
30 to 35 days the corners appear, and then he has all the 
nippers. In about 20 to 24- months he will shed the two 
center teeth. At 3 1-2 years the corners shed. Ftom five 
to 6 years the teeth are full and round. From 7 to 8 we 
will find the nippers worn, and from 8 to 10 you will find 
the corners worn. From 11 to 13 the teeth are short and 
wide apart, so there is no use in letting a man put an old 
cow on you for a young one, no matter if she is dehorned. 
(This is done very often to deceive the people.) 

LESSON 79. 
Eetention of the Urine. — This is when the urine 
can't pass, and we call it retention of the urine. It is 
caused from inflammation of the neck of the bladder, diu- 
retic medicines, etc. 

Symptoms. — The animal will show colicy pains, try 
to urinate, and sometimes small quantities of matter will 
pass, and other times blood. It will have fever, respiration, 
and pulse quick, very tender if you press just in front of the 
pelvis bone. The bladder is tender to the touch. If you 
examine the bladder per the rectum, on pressure you will 
find it very sore and tender. If there is a stone in the blad- 
der it can be felt by inserting the hand in the rectum. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause if possible; give plenty 
of soft feed, giving no hay or hard feed of any kind for sev- 
eral days. (See catheter on another page.) Wash out the 
bladder good by inserting a catheter. Use bichloride and 
warm water, about 1 to 1000. After you have done this, 
keep the kidneys well regulated by giving two drs. acetate 
of potash once a day. Also give ounce of nitro muriatic 
acid, 25 gtts., three times in drinking water. 



— 67— 

LESSON 80. 

Tuberculosis in Cattle. — Causes: From absorption of 
poisons into the system, the poison locating itself in 
the form of sores or tumors. The tumors vary in size from 
the size of a buckshot to the size of a goose egg. These 
tumors may be found in the peritoneum, on the diaphragm, 
liver, kidneys, etc. The flesh of such animals is unfit for 
food, yet they are eaten by many who know nothing about 
such being the case. The muscles will be found pale and 
soft. Some say it is hereditary. I sometimes think myself 
that it is, for I have seen sucking calves with it, and when ex- 
amined after death, have found them full of tubercular tu- 
mors. 

Diagnosis. — Loss of appetite ; the hair looks rough ; dull 
cough; she does not lick herself; the skin is yellow, she 
falls off in flesh very rapidly; the cough grows worse; 
diarrhoea nearly always follows; pain when the sides are 
pressed on. Stands on feet almost the entire time, and 
sometimes you will see breaking out on the body. 

Treatment. — Apply mustard plasted to the chest repeat- 
edly, and give oils, soft food, linseed meal; avoid grasses 
and hay or hard food of any kind. In first stage they may 
be fattened and killed for beef, but in the third stage I 
would advise you not to kill for beef. The flesh is unfit 
for food even in the second stage. Remember to always 
keep the bowels open and give all the pure, fresh water he 
wants to drink. You may give the following prescription : 
Ferri sulph. ex., 2 oz. ; Gentian, 3 oz. ; Quin. Sulph., 1-2 
ox. Mix Ft, Chart No. 12. Sig. One powd, three times 
a day. 

LESSON 81. 

Spaying Cattle. — The best age to spay heifers is 
from 18 months to 2 years old. Deprive them of any kind 
of food for forty-eight hours, also water. To prepare her 
for operation, first throw her on her left side, stretch her 
hind feet far behind her and bring her fore feet to body and 
fasten to circingle. Then shave off hair on right side just 
below last short rib. Now you are ready to use the knife. 
Make an incision parallel with the way the hair runs, about 
six inches long. You can put in a chute and operate with- 
out throwing. Now pass your hand in and when you come 



—68— 

to the peritoneum wall, gently push through, using your 
index finger for ag uide. After you are through the wall 
you will feel for the womb; follow it up until you come ot 
the fork (you will find the womb forked), then follow up 
the right or left prong until you come to the ovary. Now 
draw this out and twist it off. Don't cut, as it will cause 
bleeding. (See spaying instrument on another page.) The 
next step is to sew up the wound. First, sew up the inter- 
nal wound with catgut, using some kind of antiseptic on 
your hands and instruments. Carbolic acid is good or bi- 
chloride of mercury, 1 to 1000. Be careful not to get any 
hairs on the inside of the animal, as it will cause trouble. 
Feed on light food for a few days, and all is right. Don't 
forget that any one who can spay a hog can spay a heifer. 

LESSON 82. 

Inflammation of the Brain. — Inflammation may come 
on from fever. We have it mostly in warm weather, say, 
in the summer month's, the principal cause being too free 
flow of blood to the brain. This causes increased action in 
all the circulatory vessels. 

Diagnosis. — There will be strong pulsations of the lin- 
gual arterise. The eyes are red, and sometimes the animal 
will fall, but generally rise again. There wil be trembling 
of the muscles, and the urine will be highly colored and 
hot. There will be a grating of the teeth. Sometimes it 
is caused by impactions of the bowels. 

Treatment. — Give a good purgative when you first make 
the diagnosis. Use prescription No. 89. Calomel, 1 dr. ; 
Oleum Tiglitt, 20 Gtt. ; Linseed Oil, 0. I. Mixe and give 
at one dose. Give injection of warm soapsuds water; then 
give No. 98 as directed. 

LESSON 83. 

Septicemia in Cattle (Commonly called Milk Fever). — 
This is caused from absorption of pus, or is caused 
by letting a cow carry the after-birth too long, and she 
absorbs poison. (Septicemia, a poisoning of the blood.) 
After 48 hours, if a cow does not clean herself (throw off 
the after-birth), she should be attended to. First, grease 
your hand and arm well with lard, secure the cow and gently 
insert your hand in the vagina — this will be easily done; 



—69— 

then insert your fingers in the womb in a funnel shape and 
work slowly and with caution until in the womb. Now 
you may find the womb fastened to the cotylegeons — these 
are little knots that are found in the womb and sometimes 
enlarge to the size of a hen egg, or larger. Be caxeful in 
getting the after-birth from these, for if you tear one there 
may be a hemorrhage. 

Diagnosis. — You will know this by the staring look, by 
the fast breathing, by loss of appetie. When you have re- 
moved the after-birth, wash out the parts well with warm 
water, 1 gallon; carbolic acid, 1 dr. Repeat this every day 
for a week or more, if you think the case requires it. Use 
prescription No. 90. Sulphate Magnesia, 20 ozj. ; Aqua, 
warm, 0.2. Mix and give at once, and after six hours fol- 
low up with No. 6. 

LESSON 84. 

Punctured Feet, Nail Pricks, Etc, — These are often 
serious evils, either when received by nails in shoeing or 
by one accidentally picked up in the road. The danger 
arises from inflammation, which is always great from any 
injury done to the sensitive part of the foot. This inflam- 
mation quickly proceeds to suppuration and the matter 
makes its way upwards, unless it finds an opening below. 
When it does not break out at the coronet, it will often pen- 
etrate under the sole, the bones, the ligaments and the car- 
tileges become diseased and produce quittor. It is very 
often that a horse is pricked in shoeing. The smith is most 
times aware of it and will remove the nail. In all cases 
the nail must be withdrawn, and unless the puncture was 
severe will need no further attention, only to pour about one 
tablespoonful of the Favorite Liniment on wound. If the 
prick brings blood, the shoe and nails should be withdrawn 
and the hole bored out (as taught you on foot), packed full 
of oakum or absorbent cotton and use Hoof Tonic (No. 51) 
in wound three or four times a day. Eemember, any punc- 
ture (no matter how or what with), must be bored out fun- 
nel-shape to bottom of wound and pack as above directed; 
feed on soft food, keep bowels well open, and in a few days 
he is well. Delay and neglect in cases of this kind very 
often lead to tetanus, and death many times is the result. 



—70— 

Nine cases out of every ten of lockjaw is caused from nail 
wonuds. (See lockjaw.) 

Quittor. — This is a disease of the feet (comes between 
hoof and hair), and consist of a discharge of matter at the 
coronet, produced by a calk, or over-reaching, or by a blow on 
the soft part of foot while shoeing. Quittor is sometimes 
caused by a gravel getting in a nail hole or wound in bottom 
of foot and working up. This causes a separation from the 
sensitive part of the foot from non-sensitive, leaving a cav- 
ity from the bottom of the foot to the coronet. Then gravel 
generally lodges about the union of the flesh and foot, in- 
flames and produces an abscess. In some cases, and partic- 
ularly when the wound is beneath the crust, pipes or sinews 
are formed, as in fitula,, from which the matter is thrown 
out. The most favorable case is when the matter breaks out 
at the coronet, soon after the lameness is perecived, but 
either the horseshoer is careless in his examination of the 
foot, or no lameness has been noticed until the matter has 
carried itself in every direction and has insinuated itself 
under the cartilage of the oscornea and ospedis. If the 
matter has penetrated deep among the sinews and cartilages 
of the foot the case will be difficult; if it has found its way 
into the ojint of the ospedis and oscornea, a cure is impos- 
sible. The probe must be used to discover the direction and 
extent of the disease. If the sinews run backward you 
have a chance of success; but if they run forward your ex- 
amination must be more careful, and the chances for a cure 
will be less. A knowledge of the anatomy of the foot in 
this case is very necessary. 

Treatment. — The first thing will be the probe, a long, 
blunt-pointed instrument. This helps to locate the depth of 
the wound and' will assist in removing the matter from the 
orifice. Here is where knowing the anatomy of the parts 
come in with great advantage, so you can use the knife ac- 
curately. Open up the wound to the bottom and inject 
No. 104 as directed. 

LESSON 8'5. 

Scratches. — This is inaflmmation of the skin of the 
heels. It affects all the feet, but sometimes one foot may 
be affected, and is caused from negligence and mismanage- 
ment of the owner. Everything that has a tendency to 



—71— 

skin with hypodermic needle. If glandered, the tem- 
perature will run up to 106 or 107, and hardly ever 
excite inafimmation of the skin of the heels is caused from 
improper treatment of the foot. Here are a few things that 
will cause it: Not giving him proper exercise, want of 
cleanliness in the stable. Filth of any kind will cause it. 

Treatment.— Wash the heels good with aq uart of warm 
water, with two teaspoonsful of carbolic acid. Remove as 
much of the scurf as possible without irritating the skin; 
then apply No. 103 as directed. Thus you effect a cure. 

Corns in the Feet of Horses. — These are troublesome 
ailments to which horses are very liable, and which in- 
jure and ruin thousands of horses; They are the results 
of improper shoeing, letting the shoes rest on the sensitive 
part of the foot,, letting the shoe stay on too long. It is 
not the non-sensitive sole of the foot that is bruised; it is 
the inner sole. That is why a slight infusion of blood takes 
place. If not immediately treated the part becomes habit- 
ually defective, and instead of forming a healthy hoof, it 
forms a spongy substance of great sensibility, which ever 
after produces pain and lameness when exposed to pressure. 

Treatment. — The diseased part must be carefully pared 
out (funnel shape, as taught you in private lesson on fott) ; 
then have a wide and thick shoe made, flaring out the shoe* 
funnel-shape same as foot. Then take the bearing off the 
corn; then pack onening full of oakum and use No. 122 as 
directed. This will cure the worst case of corns. 

Splint. — This comes on the small metatarsal of horses' 
fore or hind leg — those little bones that run three-fourths 
down the leg between the knee and fetlock joint. They also 
go up and form part of the knee. Cause: The principal 
cause is from hitting with shoe when improperly shod. Of 
course, a kick on the bone would cause it. We know it by 
the bone becoming enlarged. 

Treatment. — In mild cases use No. 8 as directed, but 
if bad case and bone very much affected, fire the parts as 
in bone spavin. 

Spring Halt. — In the horse, involuntary, spasmodic 
contractions of muscles of one or both hind legs. Cannot 
give any definite reason why these muscles are affected in 



—72— 

this way. Young horses, especially mules, are more subject 
to it than horses- 
Treatment. — Give No. 37 and turn to pasture. Most 
young horses with this treatment will outgrow it, but old 
horses seldom ever get over it. 

LESSON 86. 

Pumiced Feet in Horses. — Cause of lameness. Is neg- 
lect of founder. The elasticity of the laminea being 
destroyed (generally by improper trimming by horseshoer). 
This weakens the wall, and the ospedis gives down, resting 
on the sole of the foot, causing it to give away and the 
bottom become diseased by the secretion being cut off. 

Treatment. — Trim the foot down to natural length and 
shoe with a rubber shoe, as taught you in lesson on the foot. 
Pack under the shoe with oakum and use No. 51 once per 
day as directed. 

Thrush of the Prog. — This is where the frog be- 
comes very offensive; matter will be found imbedded in 
little holes. Cause: From standing in unclean stables, not 
cleaning out the foot as often as it should be. As any one 
knows what thrush is, I will only give treatment. 

Treatment. — Apply No. 51 to affected parts twice per 
day. 

P. S. — You may dust a little calomel on parts about 
once per day for five days. 

LESSON 87. 

Tread or Bruised Coronet. — The coronet of the 
foot is the top of the hoof where the hoof and 
hair unite. This part of the hoof is much thinner 
than the other part of the wall. This part of the foot 
becomes bruised by stepping on it with opposite foot (or 
slice), getting kicks sometimes by other animals, falling 
through holes in bridges and receiving injuries to coronet, 
when trying to relieve themselves; in fact, in many ways 
they can receive injury of the coronet. 

Treatment. — Use medicated fomentations and apply No. 
105 as directed. 

LESSON 88. 

Black Leg. — This disease is known by many names, 
and is a bad one. Some call it inflammation fever. This 



—73— 

is a very appropriate name. This disease attacks cattle 
that are fat, mostly. The animal may appear perfectly well 
to-day, and to-morrow, his head extended, his nose dry, his 
breath hot, his pulse quick and his eyes protruded. He 
may utter low moans and at times appear to be unconscious. 
If he moves, there is a staggering gait, and at times he will 
appear to suffer with one hind leg more than the other. 
He will be dull and drowsy a day or two before the attack. 
Always swelling about the hind legs. There are two forms 
of Black Quarter or Black Leg: First anthrax, visible en- 
largement. When he dies, where there is no swelling there 
are no symptoms, only a very high fever. I believe there 
is always congestion in the quarters when there is lameness, 
and thus non-circulation causes the sloughing of the mus- 
cles, although this is not so with every case. If from any 
cause the circulation is started up, the animal may recover. 
The tongue will be swollen a little ; the swelling may not 
start in the legs at first, but in some other muscle. The 
fever starts immediately after inocculation, and as the 
parts swell it gets cold, insensible, and in from six to twelve 
hou*rs the skin will crepitate on pressure, due to the sul- 
phurated hydrogen gas formed, which is positive proof of 
gangrene. Death will soon be the result. One of the first 
symptoms is, they will leave the herd and go to themselves; 
always loss of appetite. I have seen large chunks of flesh 
fall out of the legs before death would take place. Re- 
member this disease is epidemic. The bacterium from in- 
fected pasture or water enters the body by wounds of the 
legs. Curatively, treatment very unsatisfactory after the 
case is fully developed. Free puncturing, and rubbing in my 
Favorite Liniment will save a few cases. Use prepared vaccine 
as a preventive ; this is a preventive treatment. Try to find the 
cause and remove. Always burn the carcass that dies from 
this disease. If you do not burn, bury deep. 

No 128. — Flatulent Colic Cure. — Ac. Hydrocyanic, 1-2 
oz., Tr. ePppermint 2 dr., Salsoda 1-2 oz., F. E. Canibis 
Ind. 1 dr., Calicylic acid 2 dr., warm water 1-2 pt. Mix. 
Sig .Give every 25 minutes until relieved. 

P. S. — If very restless give half ounce hydrate chlo. ev- 
ery 40 minutes until relieved. The above is the formula 



—74— 

used at laboratory in preparing Dr. Rutherford's Flatulent 
Colic Cure for the trade. 

No. 129. — Carbolic 1 oz., warm water 1 gallon. 
LESSON 89. 

Glanders. — No cure for this disease at all when it is 
fully developed. This disease is contagious. If you have a 
horse that is thought to have glanders, I would not let him 
in with other stock. It is also dangerous for man to be 
around a glandered horse, especially if he has a sore about 
his hands. We can take it by inoculation, by absorption. I 
would not want to get near a horse with glanders without 
using some kind of antiseptic wash on my hands, say, car- 
bolic acid, one-half ounce to half gallon warm water. Wash 
hands good before handling animal. How to tell: There 
will be a discharge at the nose, and it will be reddish. The 
temperature will be excited a little. May go to 103. The 
discharge from the nose will be thin, and drip from his nose 
like water, and the mucus membrane will turn a dark 
lead color. The discharge, when taken between your 
fingers, will feel sticky. After a few days the discharge 
will become colored — "amber color." The glands may swell 
a little. He is inclined to rub his nose against the fence 
or stall. There are numbers of cases of men on record 
that died from glanders. Two I know in person. So be 
careful and take no chance. Don't let him blow his breath 
in your face, or be around him with sores and cuts on your 
hands. 

Another way to decide is to take mallien. It is made 
from the bacilli mallei. Inject about 20 drops in the 
side of neck, about half way between the head and 
shoulders, on side of neck. Inject just under the 
return to normal again. If glander, will swell at the point 
where medicine was injected to the size of your fist or larger. 
If it does not swell you have no glanders. So, you see, 
you can't mistake this disease. Burn all carcasses, and also 
stable where horse has been with this disease. A horse may 
take this disease weeks, even months, after a horse has been 
removed from the stable, unless it has been washed with 
bichloride of mercury solution, or something of the kind. 
Whitewashed with lime will do. But best to burn, as above 
stated. 



—75— 

GRAVEL. 

Cause. — The alakli in the urine has become deranged, 
lost its neutralizing power; consequently we have this dis- 
ease. It should be called gravel in stem of bladder, literally 
speaking. There is a kind of sediment which collects in 
the stem of the bladder after the alkali has become inactive, 
which obstructs to some extent the free passage of the urine. 
This is a very uncommon disease and very horses ever die 
with it. 

Diagnosis. — Horse lays down, rolls about a little, gets 
up and stretches out in a position to urinate, walks around, 
stopping every few minutes in this way; you find his pulse 
regular and will not run very high. No other disease has 
these symptoms, therefore you can easily diagnose it. 

Treatment. — Never give saltpeter, as most people would 
recommend. It leaves the urinary organs in an inflamma- 
tory condition. Give the following prescription and you 
will give relief every time: No. 55. 

EXPLANATION OP FOUNDER. 

There are so many who profess to know what this disease 
is (you may here appreciate an explanation), and, properly 
speaking, they know nothing; therefore I will give a proper 
delineation. There is no such thing as water or grain 
founder alone, can't have one without the other; in other 
words, we must have both to produce founder proper. It 
is caused by the food fermenting in the stomach, and as a 
horse has no gall bladedr (which is a bag for the bile secre- 
tions and is used in the digestion of food, therefore, when 
digestion stops, founder is the result. Though it is impos- 
sible to produce it as long as the blood is pure, because as 
long as the blood is in proper condition digestion is all 
right. When fermentation takes place the blood stops cir- 
culating in the legs (in the pater veins of the legs), then 
his legs are cold and stiff, he can scarcely walk. Now, as 
we have two kinds of founder, I will take up the first and 
give treatment, etc. 

Cause. — By the way I have ujst described, although dif- 
ferent from chronic founder in treatment. 

Diagnosis. — He never gets down and rolls about. I will 
explain here, if he gets down when founder comes on him, 



—76— 



he can't get up, etc., but it is a very rare thing to find one 
so. His legs are stiff, and if he step at all, he walks like 
he was walking on sharp pins. His pulse is very hard and 
regular; thus you mak know it invariably. 

Treatment. — Must not have any grain of any kind for 
five days; anything else you can give him. Only one gal- 
lon of water the first day, two gallons second day, three 
gallons third day, four gallons fourth day, five gallons fifth 
day, etc. You can give him usual treatment from that time 
on. Now be sure you comply with this treatment to the 
letter, because keeping him from grain and water is half 
the treatment. You first bleed him in the plater veins, in 
fore leg only, just below the knee, and castor wart on inside 
of leg; take one quart from each leg. Hold him still while 
bleeding, after which let him walk about or do as he pleases; 
will be all right in a few days. 

CHRONIC FOUNDER. 

Cause. — This is the resut of the acute when not cured 
up as it should be, otherwise it all settles in the feet; causes, 
in severe cases, the whole hoof to come off if it doesn't get 
the proper attention. 

Diagnosis. — Never gets down, limbs not stiff, very ten- 
der on their feet; he goes crippling along something like 
the acute founder; he is able to do ordinary work, such as 
plowing in soft ground, etc. 

Treatment. — As most of the disease is in the feet, we 
must treat them. It will take you from ten days to four 
months to cure this founder, according to the length of 
time he has been foundered. Refer to prescriptions and you 
will find one called "Hoof Tonic." Trim out the foot good 
in the bottom and use this in there by pouring in as much 
as a large tablespoonful twice per day, night and morning. 
Continue as long as you think necessary. This hoof liquid 
is one of the finest preparations known to the people of the 
present day to take the soreness and restore the horny crest 
to health. Give as an internal physic one large tablespoon- 
ful of pulverized alum once per day in a little meal or bran 
or anything, just so you get it down .Contiue this as long 
as you treat the foot. We use the alum to strengthen his 
digestive organs. 






—77— 

SKETCH ON LIVE HOESE LESSON. 

The following will be the points and information given 
you in Lesson on Live Horse, and it is utterly impossible 
for me to lay down in print for you to fully understand it 
unless you have retained to some extent what you saw and 
heard in that lesson. 

WOBMY HOESES. 

How to Tell. — Eaise the upper lip of the animal, and if 
lie is wormy you will find little worms or blackheads in 
the lip. This is a sure sign. 

Treatment. — Give prescription No. 56. 

LAMPEES. 

All young horses have them, more or less, caused by shed- 
ding and teething. Old horses have neuralgia, toothache, 
etc. It is very much against the health of the horse; he 
can't bit his food, consequently when he eats grain it passes 
out half digested. 

Treatment. — Scarify the gums, as taught you, and use 
coarse salt to rub them with. Operate once every other 
morning for three times and use salt as directed. 

HOOKS IN EYE— SO-CALLED. 

This is inflammation in the eye. The secretion which is 
commonly called tears, like all secretions, is produced by 
the blood. If the blood is impure, the secretions, of course, 
are impure ; consequently you have this inflammation which 
causes the little fatted bay properly called the "haw," in the 
corner of the eye, to swell and somewhat protrude or stick 
out. You must never be so ignorant as to be cutting this 
out — nothing in the eye which needs cutting out. 

Treatment. — Puncture below the eye, and use my 
Favorite Liniment night and morning for ten days. You 
must operate below the eye every three days during 
the treatment. The treatment is to draw the inammflation 
from the eyes, etc. Now, as the blood is impure, you must 
give the prescription called Blood Tonic, No. 37, according 
to directions, as long as you treat the eye, etc. By this 
process you cure all the inflamed eyes. 
WEEPING EYES. 

This is caused by hayseeds or motes getting in the lach- 



—78— 

rymal canal, which is the passage for the tears. Treat- 
ment: Pull off the little scab you find on the mouth of 
this canal in the nose and blow one teaspoonful of pulver- 
ized ginger up his nostrils, and in a few minutes all is well. 

CUTTING OFF WARTS. 

If you find them on any part of the animal, cut 
them off close to the skin and use the wart extract- 
or (No. 38), which you will find in the prescriptions, 
just as soon as you cut off, and continue as directed. You 
must not let this get on the hands if you don't wish to get 
hurt. Apply to wart by a little mop — rag on stick. 

STRAIN ON STIFLE JOINT. 

Puncture the parts only one time, and use No. 59 Strain 
Liniment in prescriptions. Use a large spoonful at a time, 
night and morning, and continue for 10 days or longer, if 
you think the case requires. It sometimes takes a little long- 
er to cure a bad case. 

STRAIN OR WHIRLBONE JOINT. 

Puncture the parts, and apply Liniment No. 59, one op- 
eration only. Use liniment night and morning for seven 
days; thus you effect a cure. 

P. S. — In treating any strain or joints or lameness oth- 
erwise, always let your animal stand in the lot during the 
treatment. 

BLOOD SPAVIN. 

Caused by pulling and straining your animal too hard, 
which ruptures one of the coatings of the large subcutaneous 
veins which passes down the inside of hind leg. 

Cure. — By splitting one inch long on each side of vein, 
and one inch from vein, as taught you, only split the skin; 
rub out blood and put on large sponge and compress. Make 
compress out of wide suspender by sewing the edges togeth- 
er; thus you make it broad enough to cover all the front 
portion of the hind knee. Make draw strings so you can 
lace it up, thus you cure it without any medicine by putting 
on the sponge and compress. Let it stay on four days. No- 
tice you don't put on too tightly and stop the circulation of 
the blood. 






—79— 

MONO-EYED— SO-CALLED— OPHTHALMA. 

The cause of this disease no veterinarian has been able 
to tell. The animal seems to have periodical spells of blind- 
ness; he becomes so about every change of the moon; con- 
sequently we have the name of the disease — moon-eyed. It 
will take you three months to cure this disease. Find out 
what days he goes blind, or nearest so, then puncture below 
the eye, as taught you, twelve days before his blind period 
comes on, and use my Favorite Liniment, No. 59, on the 
parts you have punctured, night and morning, for twelve 
days, then let alone till next month, and then go through 
the same operation and treatment; that is, twelve days be- 
fore blind period, etc., as you did before; operate and treat. 
Xow, you will not see much change until the second month, 
but if you will follow this treatment you will cure every 
case. 

HOW TO UNCHOKE STOCK. 

Take a buggy whip (don't use large end), five feet long, 
or some other flexible substance, grease it well and make a 
mop on the little end of it with rags; open the animal's 
mouth, hold the head straight from the body and pass the 
whip down the throat. Put a little block in corner of mouth 
to keep it open. By this process you can push the object 
into the stomach. 

P. S. — Don't use cheap whip — best that can be had. 

The following diseases, "Thick Wind" and "Heaves," 
are mostly dreaded in buying and trading. 

This disease is sometimes called "Wind-broken." It is 
caused by becoming overheated by hard driving, which causes 
a rupture of the air cells of the lungs. Thus we have the 
disease. Xo cure at all for this disease. You must re- 
member what I told you in lesson on Live Horse regarding 
these last four, as I can't lay it down here for you to under- 
stand. You detect this disease externally by the sides going 
in and out like bellows, but cannot detect it in this way if 
he has been given something "to patch him up," as the 
jockeys call it. But if you only put your ear against his 
breast you may detect this at any time; you will hear a 
rattling, harsh sound. This is an infallible sign. If you 
hear this, you may be sure he has the heaves. 



—80— 

P. S. — If you want to cheat and defraud some one, I 
here give you a remedy to patch up a horse with this dis- 
ease. Give No. 39. "The devil will get you if you do this." 

THICK WIND. 

You know this by his hard breathing when you are 
driving the animal. You may know it also by examination 
of the larynx of the throat. If you find some little hard 
kernels on each side you may know he is thick-winded. This 
never hurts a horse. He is just as valuable. The sound 
he makes is very disagreeable when driving. Caused prin- 
cipally from bad cases of distemper being neglected and 
allowed to run on the animal without any treatment. No 
cure for it, nor much objection, in my estimation, so far 
as diminishing his value is concerned. 

DISTEMPER. 

This is caused from cold settling on the nasal glands, 
which produces an inflammation, thus causing the discharge 
of gleet at the nostril. No cure for this, but you may put 
pine tar and P. E. Lobelia, equal parts 1 , in false nostrils 
with a little mop (rag on stick) ; smear about the box so he 
will continually inhale it, and thus keep it from becoming 
so bad. This disease must run its course and finally gets 
well itself, unless the case is a very bad one, and begins to 
swell coniderably about the head and throat, which some- 
times kills if it doesn't get the proper treatment. Give no 
dry food. When the animal swells under the throat you 
must lance the parts. Guage your knife blade one inch and 
gently push into theswallen parts. Thus you let out the 
pus, and he soon gets well. Bathe parts with Favorite Lini- 
ment three or four times a day if swollen, until swelling sub- 
sides, and give internally No. 37. Keep this up until well; 
also keep awav from other horses; also use No. 110 as directed. 
IBIS OF THE EYE. 
You know this by a pink ring around the eye; much 
inammafltion; eyelids partly closed. This is your remedy: 
Attropine Sulphate, 2 gr. ; water, 1 oz, Mix. Apply four 
to six times per day with soft rag until inflammation is gone. 

HEAVES, SECOND. 
I have been teaching for ten years that heaves is a rup- 



—81— 

ture of the air cells of the lungs, and incurable. I so in- 
struct in another part of this book. We admit it is a rup- 
ture, and brought on principally by over-driving. But I 
have been experimenting on this disease for the past two 
years, and am glad to say that my labor has not been entirely 
in vain. I here lay you down a recipe with which I have 
permanently cured sever cases, in first stages only, mind 
you. I have utterly failed on others in second and third 
stages. Accept it for what it is worth. 

Barbadoes Aloes, 11-2 ounces; Chloride of Potassa, 2 
ounces; Nitrate of Potassa, 2 ounces; Tartarized Antimo- 
ny, 6 dr. ; Gentian, 2 dr. ; Nux Vomica, 3 dr. Mix thor- 
oughly and divide into 12 powders and give one per day in 
ground food. If he will not eat, put powder in pint of 
water and drench him. Some eat it nicely. It may be 
necessary to repeat this whole recipe twice more before you 
can cure. All depends on the advanced condition of the 
disease 

FOALING MARE OR COW. 

Should she not foal after being in labor for 24 hours 
you should assist her. If young can't pass out, something 
is wrong. Grease your arm well up to the shoulder with 
lard, and pass in your arm and examine. The young 
should come with nose and fore feet into passage. Any 
other way is mal presentation. If the foetus is not coming 
right, you must turn him about until he is right. Loop 
lines around legs above hoof will assist you much. When 
you have both front limbs and head in the passage, you 
may pull all you wish. It will sometimes take three or 
four men to pull one away. But under no consideration 
ever attempt to pull or force one that is not in the passage 
as above described. If the young is dead, or you can't de- 
liver him alive, you may cut him to pieces on inside and 
remove piece by piece. At least you can open the bowels 
and take them out; anything to diminish the size. When 
young is delivered, inject following into her womb three 
times per day: Carbolic acid, 2 dr.; water, 1 pt. Sbe will 
throw this out herself. Feed on soft food, arid .ho is all 
right. 



—82— 

HIDEBONUD. 

Give recipe for fattening stock (No. 40) on another 
page. 

CUEB. 

This is a bump or soft knot which comes only on back 
part of the hind leg a little below the knee or hock. 

This is caused from a strain of some kind. 

Treatment. — Puncture this bunch all over only skin deep 
and apply No. 59, found on another page. 

THOROUGHPINS. 

This is a soft, puffy enlargement which comes above the 
hock and under the ha mstring on hind legs only. Treat as 
for curbs. 

STTJMP SUCKER. 

Saw between teeth, as taught you, separating all the 
teeth down to the gums. You sometimes fail to stop them; 
but this will work on the majority. Use a small saw made 
of a steel case knife or something of the kind. Saw alike 
both above and below. 

BOTS. 

Bots are in every horse, more or less, and never bore the 
stomach or eat it, as many believe. When you find holes 
in stomach it is caused from, the gastric juices setting up 
a digestion of the parts, where gangrene many times sets in 
before death comes on; and invariably these strong juices 
undergo a chemical change, destroy the mucus membrane 
of the stomach, and bots, food and all go through the open- 
ings. When your horse puts his head around to the side he 
has colic, or some other internal trouble. Never be guilty 
of giving bot remedies. Leave this to the ignorant and 
superstitious. 

CARE OF JACKS AND STALLIONS. 

The mast essential is exercise. Give them daily ex- 
ercise. They should never stay in the stable when it is 
possible to have them out running loose in a large lot. Next 
is feed. Many men, otherwise intelligent, burn out their 
males by giving them too much grain, especially corn. It 
is so stimulating that it keeps up too much animal heat. 



—83— 

Change his feed often. Next the water. Give him all he 
wants three times a day. If you observe these rules you 
will not have any large-jointed, weak-eyed and stiff-gaited 
jack or stud. Your colts will show up all right. They will 
not be scrawny, scabby or passing bloody urine by the time 
they are a week old or less. Eemember that the remedies 
here apply in treatment to mules and jacks, as well as 
horses, such as proud flesh, swollen joints; in fact, all 
Best tonic for blood, No. 37. 

WIND GALLS (SO-CALLED.) 

These are not really wind-galls, but so-called. These 
soft puffs which come around ankles are the enlarged or 
expanded glands around the ojints which contain joint oil, 
instead of wind, etc. By puncturing and blistering, you 
can often remove them. Never cut into them; very inju- 
rious. Use liniment No. 59. Compress in bad case. 

SITFAST. 

Hard gristle in back or shoulder from pressure of saddle 
cover, etc. Cut out as taught you in live horse lesson. Dress 
with No. 24. 

CASTEATION. 

Best time for this is from six to eighteen months. The 
sooner the better. Only two secrets about this. Cast your 
colt, tie securely and you are ready for operation. Catch 
the whole bag between your thumb and forefinger of left 
hand, then you have two seed up, and press tight against 
bottom of bag. Now notice that you have the seam in the 
bag exactly between the two seed, then make an opening 
from middle of back seed (don't cut towards front) large 
enough to let seed pass out. Be sure now you let both seed 
out before you slack your left hand. I mean to let them 
them both out at once; then you can first operate on one, 
then the other. You are now ready to finish. Operate as 
taught you. Before you cut the cord, you tie with a strong 
silk cord about three inches above seed, or testicle, to prevent 
bleeding, then cut one-half inch below where you tie. Oper- 
ate on the other side same as this. Notice in twentv-four 
hours after you cut and see if the blood clots in the bag cause 
swelling. Should any swelling arise from clotted blood col- 
lecting in parts, twtitch horse's nose and run your finger into 



—84— 

cuts in bag and clean out, then bathe in water as hot as you 
can stand. Do this for two or three mornings and swelling 
will all go down and your horse do well. Remember the two 
secrets in this, first cut from front to back end, never for- 
ward, letting seed pop through. The second point is tying 
the cord securely to prevent bleeding. Now can you do it? 
I think you can. 

P. S. — In regard to this operation, I want to say that 
many plans are in use which have more or less virtue. Some 
cut and burn the end of cord to prevnt bleeding, and it is 
a very good plan if you know no better. Some cut and turn 
loose, neither burn nor tie cord. The) r lose many this way, 
too much bleeding. We surgeons all use the Ecraseur (an 
instrument made for the purpose) ; this prevents us from 
having to tie, but if you have not this you tie as I have taught. 
If you have ridglings (seed in belly) they have to be taken 
out at side or go through scrotum. The operation is dan- 
gerous; can only be done by a veterinary surgeon. Save 
them for me until I come around next time. Much success. 

BLOODY URINE IN COLTS. 

In suckling colts, caused by condition of mare's blood and 
digestion. Give mare my Blood Tonic, thus colt gets effect 
through milk. If weaned give colt the powders. 

SCOURING— WATERY BOWELS. 

Give a tablespoonful of Pulv. Alum once per day or drench 
in pint of water or in ground food. But if horse is weak and 
sick and showing colicy pains you should check his bowels 
at once by giving one-half ounce of Pulv. Alum every four 
hours till checked. 

AFTER-BIRTH. 

This is a gutlike string or sack which you see hanging 
from the mare or cow behind after giving birth to the young. 
I f your cow does not pass this off in twenty-four hours from 
the time she calves, you must take it from her. By a bruise 
or hook it has grown to the insite of the wormb. Grease 
your arm to shoulder and pass in ? holding to this part of 
after-birth with left hand and you can follow it down with 
your right hand. When you reach where it has adhered, 



—85— 

gently rip it loose and pull out. It's easy done. Wash out 
the womb with No. 129. 

Mix and sponge the womb, put in this with your sponge 
or syringe, also bathe outside. This will be sufficient and 
you save the life of your cow or mare. Remember, this ap- 
plies to mares also. Thousands of cows die every year just 
simply for want of a few minutes competent attention. Now, 
student, don't be backward or afraid to do this, for there is 
nothing in there to take out or misplace but this which is 
hangingfi out. When it allowed to remain in, it decomposes 
and sets up fever. This also is the principal cause why 
mares and cows won't breed. When they escape death the 
womb is so foul and nasty they will not breed. You can 
make them breed by cleansing as above. 

HOLLOW-HORN— SO-CALLED. 

There is really no such disease as this, like sweeny in 
horses, only the effect. When cold setles in the head it causes 
in bad cases the pith in the horn to perish, thus the horn 
becomes hollow. The disease is catarrh of the head and 
hollow-horn is the effect. In mild cases you can cure by cut- 
ting off hair in hollow of back of head, puncturing and pour- 
ing in 3 oz. of No. 59 three times a day, and at same time 
giving my Blood Tonic in two tablespoonful doses night and 
morning. In chronic cases saw off horns, if any, close to 
head, smear large amount of my screw worm recipe, bind up 
head in bandages to exclude air, turn her loose and keep up 
Tonic a few days and she is all right. 

REMARKS. 

Remember, I told you I could not make a veterinary sur- 
geon of you in a few lectures, or to understand anything like 
all the diseases of animals. We have many diseases of cattle 
that are so complicated, and the diagnostic points are so 
faint that we surgeons, with all our college training, lessons 
in surgery, dissecting, and long years of daily experience, are 
at a loss, oftentimes, to give a correct diagnosis of a case. 

JOCKEY TRICKS. 

How to Make an Old Horse Look Young. — Take a sharp 
knife and cut a small hole, as large as the end of your little 



—86— 

linger, in the skin in sink over his eyes ; put a quill in hole 
and blow in air till it puffs up full. Take a needle and thread 
snd take a stitch where you cut him, which brings the edges 
together, and in one day and night it will grow up and you 
can take the stitches out, and he is all right. Makes him 
look ten years young. This will not remain longer than 
twenty days; trade him before time is up. Don't do this, 
but don't let others do you. 

BLINDNESS IN A FEW DAYS. 

Take beeswax, hard, trim to a point, push up the little 
hole in nose (lachrymal canal), where I showed you in lesson 
on live horse, and let remain 24 hours, and eyes will swell 
and leak hot tears on cheeks, and finally go out if you don't 
remove it ; when you do remove it, the eyes are, within a few 
hours, all right. Some one may try to defraud you in this 
way. 

MAKE HIM KICK AND NOT TOUCH HIM. 

Pour on Ms back two spoonsful of bi-sulphide of carbon; 
then stand still a few minutes and let your hair grow. He 
will kick more than a "bay steer" as the saying goes. 
TO KEEP A HORSE FROM EATING. 

Grease his teeth with mutton tallow — his front ones only 
— all around on gums between teeth, etc. He will not eat 
a bit. Wash tallow off and he eats all right. 

MOVING LIQUID. 

Oil of Cloves, 1 oz. ; Oil Anise Seed, 1 oz. ; Tincture Asa- 
foetida, 2 oz. ; Oil Rosemary, 1 oz. Mix, shake well and give 
15 drops once per day in bucket when you water horse. This 
will give life to all that is not dead. You will need no steels 
or buds; but, brother, you may need a rider. He may "spill" 
you. Stay with him and he trades well. 

TO MAKE LAME OR FOUNDERED. 

Tli read a needle with a horse hair, run through big leader 
on the back of the forelegs about four inches above the fet- 
lock, and cut off each end of hair about one-quarter inch from 
leg. He becomes so lame that he looks like in his movements 
he is badly foundered. Remove this and he goes all right. 






—87— 

TO GIVE HIM GLANDERS. 

Pour half pint of melted butter in each of his ears. For 
next twenty-four hours he sloughs at nose, and to all appear- 
ance has the glanders. In a few days all sloughs out and 
he is all right. Remember live horse lesson. 

TRADE RUPTURED MARE. 

Fill the rupture full of powdered alum. This will cause 
parts to draw so tight she will not make any fuss. 

HEAVE POWDER. 

Spanish ifies, half pound ; Ginger, half pound. Mix, give 
tablespoonful three times per day in water. 

LESSON 90. 
LECTURE ON THE TEETH. 

Teeth are characterized by their hardness and density of 
their specific tissues. Like bone, these tissues consist of earth 
salts, with a basis of organic animal matter. They are hard- 
er than bone, which contains 67, while teeth contain 76.2 
per cent of earthy salts. 

Teeth vary in different classes of animals as to number, 
size, form, structure, position, mode of attainment, etc., but 
in all cases they are in co-relation with the food and generic 
habits of the animal. But I shall only speak of the two 
classes of animals that are the most liable to interest you, 
such as the horse and the ox. 

The incisors, or front teeth, in the horse are twelve in 
number, six in each jaw, the upper six being the largest. 
The molars, or grinders, twenty-four in number, six on each 
side above and below, while in the stallion or gelding there 
are four canine teeth, or bridle teeth, which are absent in the 
mare as a general thing, but sometimes do appear, conse- 
quently in the stallion or gelding there are forty teeth, w r hile 
the mare has only thirty-six, the four bridle teeth being ab- 
sent. 

The development of the teeth consists of three distinct 
stages. First, a papillary stage or nipple-like elevation, 
which, of course, is very small. Second, a follicular stage, 
which means a small depression. Thirdly, a sacular stage, 
which means that the teeth now resemble a small sack. About 



-88— 



the sixth week of foetal life a depression is formed in the 
mucous membrans of the gums which is the primitive dental 
groove from the oflor of which arises these papilla that I have 
ujst spoken of, corresponding in number and constitution to 
the germs of the milk teeth. This is the papillary stage. 

About the tenth week the groove deepens, the papilla en- 
larges, the margins of the groove thicken and become prom- 
inent, prolongations pass from one side of the groove to the 
other, enclosing each papilla in an open fallicle, or sack. This 
constitutes the fallicular stage; it terminates about the four- 
teenth week of foetal life. 

Small membranous processes now develop from the side 
of the fallicles which correspond in number and shape with 
the table surface of the teeth. The lips of the fallicles close 
and cohere and the grooves become obliterated. What were 
once open fallicles are converted into closed sacks, thus com- 
pleting the secular stage. 

The permanent teeth are developed like the temporary 
ones. As the permanent tooth continues to grow it gradually 
presses on the milk tooth and absorbs its roots until the 
entire fang, or root, is gone and the crown of the milk tooth 
falls out, or should do so at least, and the permanent tooth 
appears above the gums. The three back teeth on both sides, 
above and below, come in the same way, but come in as per- 
manent teeth, consequently do not shed — a point every horse 
owner should remember, as very grave mistakes are sometimes 
made by the "would-like-to-be" veterinary dentist who does 
not know this point, and trying to remove what he supposed 
to be a cap of a milk tooth breaks off a sound molar which 
never can be replaced by another tooth. 

The teeth are the means afforded us to tell the age of 
Hie animal, and one cannot study this important branch of 
veterinary science too closely, as sometimes very grave mis- 
takes are made. 

The colt should have at birth sixteen teeth, four incisors 
and twelve molars, but this depends a good deal on the time 
of gestation — that is to say, should the mare carry her foal 
eleven months or longer, then the colt will have at birth six- 
teen teeth, but should gestation only run ten months and a 
half, the colt then should be absent of teeth at birth, but 
they would soon appear. At nine weeks there will appear 



—89— 

four more incisors, and at nine months four more, which 
are the corner teeth. You will observe now that the colt 
at nine months has twelve incisors, six above and six below, 
which are milk teeth and subject to shed in the following 
manner: At two years and six months the first two teeth 
above and below come out and are replaced by permanent 
ones, which are up in wear at three years old. At three 
years and six months the next four appear in the same way, 
and are up in wear at four years old. At four years and 
six months the corner incisors, one on each side, come out 
and are replaced by permanent ones in same manner. So, 
you see, the horse at five years has a permanent set of incisors. 
Now we will go back to the molars. We have already stated 
that the colt at birth has twelve molars which are temporary, 
three on each side above and below, which are all the tem- 
porary molars he has. But at one year old the colt gets its 
permanent molar, which is its fourth grinder, one on each 
side above and below, and at two years old he gets his fifth 
molar. Now at two years and six months the colt sheds its 
first eight temporary teeth, two on each side above and below, 
which are replaced by permanent ones and are up in wear at 
three years old. At three years and six months the colt sheds 
its last four temporary teeth, which are the third molars, one 
on each side above and below, and at the same time cuts its 
last four permanent ones, which are its sixth molar. So at 
four years old the colt has a permanent set of molar teeth. 
The stallion or gelding has four bridle teeth, which make 
their appearance between the age of four and five, as a gen- 
eral thing, but sometimes even latert han this. The horse 
has forty teeth, but the mare has only thirty-six, the bridle 
teeth being absent. The front teeth are the ones ew go by 
to ascertain the animal's age, and this is done in the follow- 
ing manner: We have already stated that the horse has 
a permanent set of molars at four years old, and a perma- 
nent set of incisors at five years old. Now in each incisor, 
or front tooth, thre is a deep depression, or infundibulum, 
or cup, as it is generally called, which is absent at six years 
old in the two central incisors on the lower jaw. At seven 
years old the infundibulum, or cup, as it is generally called, 
in the two lateral teeth of the lower jaw. At nine, the de- 
pression in the two central incisors on the upper jaw dis- 



—90— 

appears. At ten, the two lateral, and at eleven the corner 
teeth also lose their depression. So at eleven years old the 
horse has lost its last cup, which takes place in the corner of 
the upper jaw notch, which generally get quite deep in very 
old animals. Although there are rules to ascertain the age 
of a horse pretty correctly up to twenty-five or even thirty 
years old, there is probably no one thing that causes so much 
controversy among horsemen as the age of the horse. I 
have seen a horse at four years old have a five-year-old mouth 
in appearance, and one at five years old have the appearance 
of a four-year-old. So, after carefully looking up the writ- 
ings on the horse's age that have been hande down for the 
last three hundred years, and sixteen years of personal ex- 
perience, examinging hundreds of mouths, from the new-born 
colt to the old and decrepit dying from senile decay, I am 
wiling to confess my ignorance in telling the horse's age 
accurately by the teeth, and will say, in, conclusion, that the 
only accurate way that I have found is to find out when 
the animal was born and figure from that. I give you a 
diagram in another part of study, telling age from twelve 
to twenty-one years old. 

I will now make a few remarks on the teeth of the ox. 
The ox at birth has four temproary incisors on the lower 
jaw. At about two weeks old two more make theid appear- 
ance, and at one month old two more appear, making eight 
incisors on the lower jaw, while the upper ajw has none; 
but instead of teeth the upper jaw is supplied by a cartila- 
ginous pad. The teeth of the lower jaw all go through the 
process of sheding similar to that alread described in the 
horse. At one and one-half years old the first two milk teeth 
fall out and are replaced by permanent ones. At two and 
one-half years old the next two come out, which are the two 
first intermediates, and are replaced by permanent ones. At 
three and one-half years old the next two are shed, which are 
the second intermediates. And at four and one-half years 
old the corner teeth shed and the animal has a permanent set 
of incisors. We will now say a few words concerning the 
molar teeth of the ox, which are twenty-four in number, at 
birth only twelve, three on each side, above and below. 
These twelve are deciduous, which go through the process 
of shedding. The first permanent molar, which is the fourth 



—91— 

one, comes in when the calf is eight months old. The next 
one, which is the fifth, comes in at two and a half years old, 
and the last permanent molar makes its appearance at four 
and a half years old. 

Now, the first temporary molar sheds at one and a half 
years and is replaced by a permanent one. The next, which 
is the second, is shed at three and a half years old and is 
replaced by a permanent tooth, tl is well for owners of 
cattle and teeth to understand something of the nature of 
teeth, as I have not infrequenly been called in to see a cow 
suffering from some trouble and loss of appetite as well, 
but the owner in making some examination previous to my 
arrival had discovered that the teeth in front were al loose 
on the under jaw and thought, of course, he had disco veerd 
the whole difficulty. And it is sometimes had to make them 
believe otherwise. 

But this is not the result of a diseased condition, but na- 
ture constructed them this way so as not to injure the carti- 
lagious pad, which takes the place of teeth on the upper ajw, 
with which they come in contact. The study of teeth can 
not be too deeply impressed on every owner of stock, as a 
great many lives are lost both among horses and cattle dur- 
ing their respective periods of dentition. 

I have been called agreat many times to see a sick and 
debilitated colt, and on making inquiry as to the age of the 
animal would examine as to the teeth that ought to be shed- 
ding, and not infrequently find dentition to be the whole 
cause. And on removing the caps of the milk teeth the 
animal would at once show signs of relief. 

Veterinary dentistry is a study of great importance and 
cannot be too highly esteemed. And I am only too sorry to 
say that there are hundreds of practicing veterinary dentists 
who do not know any more about the horse's mouth than the 
horse himself. 

We will now look at some of the diseases of the teeth in 
the adult animal. The horse is subejct to split and broken 
teeth, which sometimes causes a festulous opening in the 
lower jaw and a constant discharge of pus of a very feted 
characted. To remove a tooth of this kind from the lower 
jaw it is always best to use the rimmer to enlarge the fes- 
tulous opening so as to admit the punch, which is a small 



—92— 

instrument made for the purpose, and the tooth is then 
driven into the mouth with one sharp blow from a wooden 
mallet. This is not only a successful way to remove an ul- 
cerated tooth, but allows exist of accumulated pus, and also 
allows an injection of an antiseptic medicine in case the bone 
has become diseased. 

A discharge from the nose is not infrequently caused from 
an ulcerated tooth on the upper jaw. This is almost incred- 
ible to one not conversant with the anatomy of the horse's 
head, but as the teeth in the upper jaw are so long and are 
so deeply imbeded in the aveole and in close proximity to 
the nasal opening, with only a thin bony plate covered with a 
thin mumous membrane to separate the fangs of the tooth 
from the nostril, that when the tooth becomes diseased pus 
is formed and pressing on the thin bony plate absorbs it 
and allows exit of the occumulated pus through the nostril, 
which is one form of Nasal Gleet, and is sometimes mistaken 
for Glanders by the unexperienced and the animal destroyed. 
To remove a tooth of this kind the animal should be cast and 
a long tudinal incision is made through the skin down to the 
bone directly over the fang of the offending tooth and a piece 
of the bone is removed by trephine, an instrument made for 
the purpose. A punch is then placed on the root of the 
tooth, which is quickly removed by a sharp blow from the 
mallet. The parts are then dressed with an antiseptic dress- 
ing for a few days through the opening made by the trephine, 
but soon heals up, leaving no trace of the operation. When 
a tooth is removed from a horse's mouth, either mechanically 
or accidentally broken by some hard substance taken into the 
mouth by a food, the opposing one should be looked after ev- 
ery six months, as it continues to grow, and having nothing 
to come in contact with, it soon becomes elongated and pro- 
trudes into the mouth to such an extent as to wound the 
opposing jaw. A tooth of this kind should be cut off with a 
pair of tooth cutting forceps and then leveled up flat with 
the oflat. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

Tuberculosis is a parasitic disease, which is both inoc- 
ulable and infectious. To Villemin belongs the honor of 
having demonstrated its contagiousness (1865); to Robert 
Koch the honor of having isolated its microbe (1892), to 



—93— 

which has been given by common consent the name of the 
bacillus of Koch. 

There is no disease in existence which attacks so many 
different kinds of animals. Not one of our domestic animals 
is completely refractory to it; they simply vary in their 
susceptibility, and those which under natural conditions es- 
cape infection are unable to withstand experimental inocula- 
tion. Our poultry yards even are often decimated by tuber- 
culosis, and the tribute paid by man to it is so heavy that 
in aPris, according to the latest statistics, more than 23 per 
cent of the death were due to tuberculosis, and even this high 
percentage is exceeded in many European towns. Tubercu- 
losis was known to the ancients — tuberculosis of cattle, at 
any rate. The phthisis of which Columella speaks is certain- 
ly our tuberculosis, for he refers to the ulceration of the 
lungs as its last stage. 

Although all tuberculous lesions acknowledge the presence 
of the casual agent — the bacilus of Koch — nothing is more 
variable than their appearance. Sometimes they take the form 
of rounded granulations, hardly as big as millet seed, invading 
all the organs. Sometimes they are great fluctuating masses, 
filled with yellow pus, which is thick, grumous, full of cal- 
careous grains, and resembles mortar. Sometimes the pleura 
or peritoneum are covered with hard, glistening, grayish-red, 
rounded new growth, with more or less long pedicles, and 
generally heaped together in clusters of variable size, so as 
to form genuine polypi, which sometimes attain considerable 
dimensions. Sometimes, again, the lesion consists of an 
opaque, grayish or yellowish matter infiltrating the tissues. 

For a long time these varied lesions were though to be 
of a very different nature. Laennec was the first to recognize 
and proclaim their close relationship. The unity of tuber- 
culosis is admitted everywhere to-day, but for long the idea 
was combatted by the school of Virchow, and the doctrine 
of Laennec, although defende by the remarkable work of 
Charcot, Grancher and Thaon, was abandoned until quite late- 
ly by the large maojrity of anatomo — pathologists and doc- 
tors. It was in vain that Villemin proved the identity of 
all these legions, inoculation into the rabbit or the guinea 
pig always giving the same results, whatever the inoculation 
product, whether sputum, tuberculosis nodule, or caseoua 



—94— 

lung. The opposition only ceased on the day when Kobert 
Koch showed that all these lesions, whatever their micro- 
spocical appearance or histological structure, were due to one, 
always identical mibroce. 

Species of Animals Attacked. — Although tuberculosis can 
be transmitted to all the domestic animals by inoculation, it 
does not by any means, under natural conditions, cause equal 
ravages in each species. Cattle come first among its victims, 
the proportion attacked varying according to the locality. In 
same places the number of tuberculosis cattle is calculated at 
10, 15 and 25 per cent of the whole. In other places the 
disease is unknown. Nevertheless one would be right in say- 
ing that bovine tuberculosis is the contagious disease which 
exacts the heaviest tribute from agriculture; and it is this 
form of tuberculosis alone at which French sanitary law 
takes aim, seeing that the other tuberculosis does not consti- 
tute a, great danger either to property or to public health. 
Horses may be infected under the ordinary conditions of 
their keeping, and in the horse the disease appears to run a 
more rapid course and become generalized more easily than 
in the cow; but still one is justified in saying that equine 
tuberculosis, although the cases of it recorded up to date 
are fairly numerous, is an exceptional thing. Among the 
small ruminants the disease is much rarer still, the sheep and 
the goat being even markedly refractory to experimental in- 
oculation. Tuberculosis of the pig is much rarer than that 
of cattle, but much more common than that of the horse, 
sheep or goat, and is, moreover, often generalized in all the 
organs. The domestic carnivora do not show a great sus- 
ceptibility to tuberculosis. At any rate, they are very refrac- 
tory to the different methods of experimental inoculation, 
with the exception of intravenous injection. Lately, how- 
ever, a considerable number of instances of dogs becoming 
tuberculous owing to contract with phthisical people have 
been recorded. Kittens, too, are easily infected by the in- 
gestion of tuberculous material, particularly milk. Among 
the birds of the poultry yard, fowls, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, 
pheasants, etc., the disease is very common, and often as- 
sumes an epidemic character. The rabbit and the guinea 
pig are very rarelv tuberculous under natural conditions, but 
they are, especially the guinea pig, excellent re-agents for 



—95— 

the disease. In them it follows a much more rapid course 
than in the larger species of animals. This allows many 
experiments to be completed in a short time, and explains 
the considerable progress that has lately been made in the 
study of tuberculosis. The domestic animals of our countries 
are not the only ones attacked by tuberculosis. It has been 
found in the camel, both in Egypt and in Kirgheez steppes. 
Monkeys kept in the different zoological gardens dis tuber- 
culous almost to a certainty. Giraffes, antelopes, llamas, ga- 
zelles, ezbus, etc., in zoological gardens are also decimated by 
the disease. Finally, we have authentic records of tubercu- 
losis in the lion, the tiger, the jaguar, the panther, the fox, 
the jackal, the tapir, the zebra, etc. 

We will first study tuberculosis of cattle, and afterwards 
point out the features peculiar to tuberculosis of the other 
domestic animals. 

In ordinary language, bovine tuberculosis is still called 
"pulmonary phthisis," or "calcareous phthisis," and, as a 
matter of fact, the progressive wasting and marasmus of the 
affected animals are usually the last result of lesions which 
are pulmonary, and which are infiltrated with calcareous' 
salts. At one time the disease was known as "pommeliere," 
from the shape and considerable size sometimes assumed by 
the lesions of the lung or erous membranes. The word, "tu- 
bercle," has a similar origin. The old authors, notably Hur- 
trel d'Arboval, liken to "tubercles" either the glands which 
are hypertrophied, indurated and infiltrated with specific 
nodules, or the mammillated tumors which grow on the sur- 
face of the serous membranes. When the disease is localized 
in the pleura or peritoneum, before they get too old, bear a 
strong resemblance to pearls. 

Lesions of Tuberculosis. — Nothing is more variable than 
the localization of bovine tuberculosis. It may attack any of 
the organs. The lung and lymphatic glands come first in 
order of frequency; next the serous membranes; then the 
liver, intestine and uterus; and lastly, the spleen, the me- 
dulla of the boses, the joints, the udder, the skin, etc. Nat- 
urally, the symptoms of the disease vary greatly according to 
the organ or organs attacked. From a clinical point of view 
two great divisions are made, viz., pulmonary tuberculosis and 
abdominal tuberculosis. From an anatomical point of view, 



—96— 

three chief divisions are made: Tuberculosis; of the organs, 
tuberculosis of the serous membranes; tuberculosis of the 
lymphatic glands. In most cases, these three forms co-exist 
in the same subject, but still it is quite common to see an- 
imals succumb, either to intense glandular tuberculosis or to 
enormous tuberculous growth of the pleura or peritoneum, 
without the process having attacked the neighboring viscera. 
It would almost seem as if there were three varieties of the 
bacillus, each with a preference for one particular tissue or 
culture medium. Statistics : 40 per cent are affected in both 
lung and pleura; 20 to 25 per cent in the lung alone; 15 
to 20 per cent— in fact, in many cases when the animal 
is slaughtered quite at the commencement of the disease, tu- 
berculous nodules are only found in the bronchial or medias- 
tinal glands, and the pulmonary lesion which has served as 
the entrance gate for the contagion either eludes the most 
careful search or is only represented by a minute focus of 
disease, much less important than the glandular alterations, 
which it has preceded and caused. As a general rule, the 
tuberculous lung is bulky and heavy. Its weight may 
reach 40, 50, 60 pounds., or more. Surface is covered with 
knobs, over which the pleura is thickened, and sometimes 
shaggy growths adhere to the membrane. These vary as 
to size, and consist of tuberculous lesions. They are some- 
times hard and tough, and creak under the instrument used 
to cut them. On dissection, their tissue is seen to be in- 
tensely yellow, rough to the touch, and softened in places, 
and when the caseous substance is rubbed between the fingers, 
hard grains are felt in it. Sometimes, again, the knobs show 
more or less obscure fluctuation, and' incision into them gives 
vent to a yellow grumous, mortar-like, thick material; in 
this case the masses of tubercular nodules have undergone 
varying degrees of caseous and calcareous degeneration. They 
are usually surrounded by healthy lung tissue, pink color. 
The liver is often attacked. Miliary tubercle of the liver 
is rare. The lesion generally takes the form of more or 
less bulky masses scattered irregularly throughout the sub- 
stance of the organs. These masses are sometimes o num- 
erous that the liver is altered in shape and indented and ac- 
quires a weight of 40 to 60 pounds, or more, softening more 
rapidly and more completely than those of other viscera. Tu- 



—97— 

berculosis of the kidney is not very rare, but careful dissec- 
tion generally shows that the tuberculous masses have devel- 
oped either in the deep layer of the capsule or in the sub- 
capsular connective tissue. The tissue of the organ is com- 
pressed by the new growth, but has not taken part in its 
formation. There are in existence some records of tubercu- 
losis of the mucous membrane of the blader, which gave rise 
to incurable hematuria and a rapidly fatal termination. The 
spleen is rarely the site of tuberculous lesions. In cases of 
recent generalization, its tissue may be crowned with an in- 
finite number of minute gray granulations ; but, as a rule, 
the lesions, when met with, are few, comparatively bulky, 
nodose, calcified, and provided with a tough, fibrous envelope. 
Sometimes growths soften and produce fistulge and erup- 
tion of the caseous contents, either externally or into the 
neighboring joint. In the udder the initial lesion generally 
assumes the form of a slowly-progressive sclerosis. The inter- 
lobular connective tissue, normally so scanty, becomes grad- 
ually thickened and fibrous, and can be seen to be infiltrated 
by minute miliary granulations, which are gray or yellow 
and caseous, and scattered here and there in varying num- 
bers. At a later stage these granulations are larger and more 
numerous and become softened or calcified. The glandular 
tissue is, as it were, smothered by the hypertrophy and fibrous 
transformation of the interstitial connective tissue. The 
large excretory ducts are here and there dilated by masses of 
yellow caseous material, whichi svery rich in bacilli, and the 
walls of the ducts are thickened, fibrous and sacculated, and 
sometimes infiltrated by minute yellowish granulations. Tu- 
berculous lesions of the testicles are very rare, but they may 
occur in the form of fibrous nodules about as big as a hazel- 
nut or an almond, or else in the form of yellow, calcified or 
miliary nodules. They may be devloped either in the sub- 
stance of the gland itself or in the epididymis. Tubercu- 
losis of the vagina, spermatic cord, and prostate have also 
been described. The muscular tissue seems to be unsuitable 
for the growth of tubercle. Intra-muscular lesions, even in 
cases of generalized disease, are most rare. They are oecasion- 
lly found, however, and when they do occur take the form 
of small tumors of the size of a pea, hazel-nut, or a marble, 
of a dirty white color and a tough consistence. They very 



—98— 

rarely undergo softening, and the muscular tissue in their im- 
mediate neighborhood is schlerosed. 

Symptoms. — Bovine tuberculosis is a disease of very slow 
evolution. Its presence is often compatible with all the ap- 
pearances of health, and it may exist for months and years 
without anything causing one to suspect its existence. The 
clinical diagnosis of it is extremely difficult, even at an ad- 
vanced period of its evolution. The symptoms vary much, 
according to the form and according to the localization of 
the disease. 

a. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. — This is much the most com- 
mon form, and it is also the most dangerous, because the 
virulent matter, which the softened nodules empty into the 
bronchi, is shot forth from the mouth during the fits of 
coughing. This expectorated matter becomes dried and re- 
duced to a powder, and infects the neighbors of the affected 
animal, either by penetrating into the respiratory apparatus 
with the inspired air, or by penetrating into the digestive 
tube with the food, whether liquid or solid. It is customary 
to describe three stages or degrees in the evolution of pul- 
monary tuberculosis, and its study and description are there- 
by rendered more easy. 

First Degree. — Quite at the outset there may be absolute- 
ly no symptoms. A careful and attentive cow-keeper will 
tell you that such and such a beasti nhis stable coughs at long 
intervals, perhaps, when the doors are opened in the morn- 
ing to let in the fresh air, when it is miade to stand up or 
walk, when it is made to drink, or when it is given dusty 
food; the cough is a slight one, dry, a little whistling, and, 
in short, paroxysms. 

Second Degree. — The disease is more pronounced. The 
hair has lost its gloss, and becomes dull and bristly. The 
skin is adherent and dry, and if taken between the fingers is 
with difficulty detached from the subjacent tissues, especially 
at the level of the last ribs, and the fold formed is not 
effaced for a long time. The region of the kidneys shows an 
abnormal sensibility to pressure, and the animal, when 
pinched there, shrinks under the touch. All these signs are 
vague enough, but butchers and breeders know how to take 
advantage of them. These signs, moreover, acquire a real 
value when thev occur in the stable known to be infected. 






—99— 

Pressure on the ribs or the region of the kidneys causes groan- 
nig and coughing. The cough is still dry, hoarse, whistling 
and paro ysmal; it is thick, deep, and followed by a gur- 
gling back towards the chest, and one guesses that mucous 
is circulating in the bronchial tubes. Occasionally the mucous 
may be shot forth from the mouth during a violent and long 
fit of coughing, and may be seen to be purulent, thick, viscid, 
and yellow. The diagnosis may then be made certain by 
examining it under the microscope, or inoculating it. In 
addition to these signs derived from the pulmonary lesion, 
we soon get digestive disturbances, mostly of a glandular or- 
igin. The appetite becomes diminished and capricious. Ru- 
mination is delayed, is slow and irregular, and only accom- 
plished uring rest. After a meal meteorism is frequely no- 
ticed, but does not cause much discomfort and does not last 
long. At this period the secretion of milk is diminished and 
its quality alters. It becomes slightly serous and has a faint 
bluish tine. Nevertheless it does not look bad and is still 
salable, and if the udder is^hot the seat of specific lesions, it 
may be consumed without danger. 

Third Stage. — At this period the evolution of the disease 
becomes rapid. The skin is bound down to the bones and 
the hair is dull and bristling. The whole expression denote 
dejection and prostration. The eyes are watery and sink 
back in their orbits, and the lids are stuck up with scaly 
matter. A yellow discharge from the nostrils, which it has 
not strength enough to clean with a lick of its tongue. The 
animal remains standing up, with its shoulders stretched 
apart, as if in expansion of the chest. The breathing ic 
quickened, short and jerky; the cough is frequent, feeble and 
painful. Pinching the back up causes prolonged fits of 
coughing and at the same time makes the animal shrink. The 
stethoscopic signs now leave no doubt as to the nature and 
severity of the lesions. Percussion reveals more or less ex- 
tensive areas of dullness, with tympanitic resonance over the 
cavities, which are near the surface. On ausculation, cav- 
ernous rales, amphoric murmurs and splashing sounds are 
easily perceived. 

Duration, Termination. — Tuberculosis is the type of 
chronic diseases. Its evolution is extremely slow and may 
last for years. Tuerculin is a filtrate containing in solution 



—100— 

the products of massive cultureso f the bacillus of tubercu- 
losis. When the cultures have reached the desired stage of 
development the liquid containing them is reduced by evap- 
oration to one-tenth its original bulk and filtered through 
porcelain, which removes the bodies of the bacilli previously 
destroyed by prolonged exposure to steam. The resulting 
syrum, amber-colored liquid with a characteristic sweet odor, 
is tuberculin, and is of great value in the diagnosis of tuber- 
culosis in cattle. Tuberculous herds are a standing menace 
to the community in which their products are consumed. 
For this reason, most of the States in the Union and our 
general government, as well as other nations of the civilized 
world, are framing laws looking toward the segregation and 
destruction of all infected cattle. To carry out the require- 
ments of these laws, tuberculin is indispensable. No other 
known test can be relied upon to reveal the presence of tu- 
bercular infection in its early stage. The diagnostic value of 
tuberculin lies in the fact that in its earliest stages, when 
the most insignificant changes have taken place, and both 
symptoms and physical signs are absent, the characteristic 
reaction to the tuberculin test will invariably show the pres- 
ence of tuberculosis. The value of tuberculin to owners of 
herds and the consumers of their food products cannot be 
overestimated. The presence of one disease animal endangers 
an entire herd, as well as the community of consumers of 
the products of the herd. By means of the tuberculin test, 
all diseased animals can be detected. 

How Applied. — First, ascertain the temperature of the an- 
imal to be tested. If this found abnormal, the testing should 
be postponed until the cause of such abnormality be found 
and removed. 

The normal temperature of the ox is 100 to 102 Fahren- 
heit. It is always advisable that the temperature be taken 
at intervals — morning, noon and night — at least twenty-four 
hours before making the test. This is of importance because 
of the normal temperature variations in the course of twen- 
ty-four hours in the lower animals. Such variations must 
be carefully distinguished from those characteristic to the 
tuberculin test in tuberculous cattle. Beginning six hours 
after the injection of the requisite quantity of tuberculin, 
take the temperature every hour until it begins to fall. A 






—101— 

rise of 2 Fahr. above the normal variation is sufficient to 
condemn; it is sometimes noted within six hours, and may 
exceed 4 or £j Fahr. 

Before making the test ascertain, by physical diagnosis 
that advanced tuberculosis does not exist. In making the 
test always exercise great care in keeping syringe and needle 
clean. Sterilize before using by boiling in water for five 
minutes, allowing the syringe to cool before using. It is 
important to clean and wash thoroughly the site of inejction 
(from which the hair has been previously clipped or shaved) 
with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. The dose of con- 
centrated tuberculin is small, and the proper dilution at the 
time of administration is difficult. For this reason, we sup- 
ply tuberculin diluted ready for use. The solution contains 
enough carbolic acid to preserve the product indefinitely. The 
test dose is from 3-4 to 1 c. c, or 10 to 15 drops, administered 
by means of the hypodermic syringe. When the requisite does 
is injected into atuberculous animal, a specific febrile reaction 
follows, which is characteristic to the test. In non-tuber- 
culous cattle, no reaction is noted and no harm follows. As 
a matter of information to those who have not used tuberculin, 
or who are unfamiliar with its production, we would state 
that there can be no possible change of its producing tuber- 
culosis in cattle so tested, from the fact that the live germs 
(bacilli of tuberculosis) have previously been destroyed by 
heat, and the dead bodies removed by filtration through spe- 
cial filters. Two conditions are met which invariably defeat 
the purpose of the test. These are advanced pregnancy and 
the presence of broken-down tubercular tissue. Frequently, 
in the former condition, the temperature is anormally high, 
especially during the latter part of the day; in the latter 
state, the system contains a large quantity of absorbed tuber- 
cular matter, and will not respond to the test with tuberculin. 
Fortunately, possible errors from these sources can easily be 
eliminated by the ordinarv methods of physical diagnosis. 



-102— 




CASTRATION OF RIDGLING, OR CRYPTOB CHID. 

This means where the testicles have never descended 
the inguinal ring, and still remains in the abdomen. For 
this operation you will have to cast the horse, tying him 
securely, drawing his hind legs down to the circingle, which 
was placed around his body before casting. Place on back. 
(You'll need about four men to help you.) Place bale of 
hay on each side of horse, or nice, smooth logs are better. 
Always diet your horse about forty-eight hours before operat- 
ing; no feed at all except a little mash bran. One hour 
previous to operation give enema, three or four gallons warm 
water per aims. Be sure to render hand and instruments 
antiseptic, using carbolic acid — tablespoonful in quart of 
warm water. Have sitting by close a quart of carbolized olive 
oil, as you will need it from time to time until operation is 
completed. 

First step: The knife. Make incision, as shown in cut 
above, six inches long, only through the skin. Now oil your 
hand good and work into scrotum until you find the ring. 
This will bring you to the spermatic cord, to the abdominal 
wall. Most times index finger can be passed through the 
ring into the abdomen; after passing one finger in, work 



—103— 

until you get second one in; then feel for the cord, which 
nine out of ten you can find. Should you fail to reach the 
cord, oil arm good and pass in rectum; you can thus find 
testicles, and push thiem down so can be clasped with the two 
fingers which have been passed in through the inguinal ring. 
Second step : After you have clasped the testicle pull 
steady until you get it through the ring, then take an ecraseur, 
slip on testicle and cut off, as you would m simple castration. 
After you are through the operation, wash out good with milk- 
warm water, using bichloride tablets, making about 1 to 500 
strength. (Ask your druggist.) 




SIMPLE CASTRATION. 

I mentioned in another lesson how to castrate horses, but 
this method is the easiest and simplest of all. I geld them 
from eighteen seconds to two minutes, and you can do the 
same thing. Kever throw your horse in doing simple castra- 
tion, as it is easy on the horse; also the operator. 

First step. If horse does not stand still, use one of Dr. 
Rutherford & Rutherford Co/s nose clamps and he will stand 
perfectly still. 

Second step : Sterilize your instruments, which are two 



—104- 

in number — knife and Drs. Rutherford & Rutherford Co/s 
Improved Emasculator. Walk up to horse and eateh testicle 
in either hand ; take knife, make long incision, letting tes- 
ticle drop out; let go one, take out other same way. After 
you have let both out, take emasculator, place on cord about 
testicle and mash off. Be sure to let rough side of instru- 
ment go next to horse, as this is what prevents bleeding. 
Oil good with carbolized olive oil; turn loose, and all is 
right. 



Prescriptions 



No. 1. Flatulent or Wind Colic. — Salsoda V 2 oz. Tr. pepper- 
mint 2 dr. Warm water 3 oz. Mix, give at one dose, and repeat 
every 25 minutes until relieved. 

No. 2. Spasmodic Colic. — Chloroform 2 dr. Sul. Ether % oz. 
Tr. Opii M> oz. F. E. Canibus Indica Gtt. 30. Mix, give every 
25 minutes until relieved. This is the formula used in laboratory 
in preparing medicine for the trade. 

No. 3. Inflammation of the Kidneys. — Tr. Opii % oz. Sweet 
spts. nitre y 2 oz. Oil of cubebs l.dr. Warm water oz. 6. Mix, 
give at one dose every 60 minutes until relieved. 

No. 4. Thumps in Horses. — Whiskey Rye oz. 8. Tr. Digi- 
talis dr. 2. Mix, give one-half oz. half pint sweetened water 
every three or four hours until relieved. 

No. 5. Liniment for Puffs. — Oil of organum. Oil of cedar. 
Oil of sassafras, a. a, oz. 2. Alcohol oz. 8. Bathe parts well and 
use the bandage as taught you in the lesson. 

No. 6. Blind Staggers. — Quinine Sulphate oz. 1. Spts. Vini. 
Rectiff. oz. 10. Mix, give one oz. in half pint of water every 
three hours. Then give a good purgative, say one quart of raw 
linseed oil, 5 dr. aloes powd. Mix and drench all at one dose. 

No. 7. Lockjaw in Horses. — F. E. Gelsemium, F. E. Lobelia, 
of each oz. 2. Mix, give one oz. every three hours as drench or 
per rectum. Give hypodermically morphine every three or four 
hours in 3 gr. doses. Keep bowels well open. 

No. 8. Blister.— Red Iodide Mercury 2 dr. Pwd. canth. oz. 1. 
Arceneus acid dr. 1. Cobol. dr. 2. Adeps enough to make a 
soft paste. Shave off hair and then rub on medicine and use 
bandage as taught you. 

No. 9. Blain in Cattle. — Sulphate of magnesia oz. 20. Warm 
water one qt. Dissolve and give at one dose as drench. Repeat 
in six hours if bowels not open well. 

No. 10. Blain in Cattle, Fever.— F. E. Aconite gtt. 20. Tr. 
Belladonna Gtt. 10. Mix, give every 30 minutes until fever 
abates. 



—106— 

No. 11. Blain. — Give this purgative when other will not do, 
but don't give this if the other will act. Oleum Tiglii gtt. 15, 
Calomel gr. 30. Sulphate magnesia oz. 15. Mix with oil, linseed 
or sweet, and give at one dose. 

No. 12. Constipation in Cattle. — Oil Linseed (raw) oz. 12, 
Gentian Ginger a. a. dr. 2. Mix, give at one dose and repeat in 
12 hours, and continue until bowels are regulated. 

No. 13. Diarrhoea in Calves. — Tr. Opii dr. 2. Boiled sweet 
milk half pint. Mix, give every three hours until bowels are 
checked. 

No. 14. Diarrhoea in Calves. — Give tablespoonful of prepared 
chalk every few hours until purging ceases. 

No. 15. Costiveness in Cattle. — Glauber Salts oz. y 2 . Corn 
meal one pint made into a gruel by pouring on boiling water. 
Mix, and stir, give as drench. Now, this is for grown cattle. 
Give smaller doses if not grown. 

No. 16. Hoose in Calves. — My blood tonic teaspoonful, Tur- 
pentine gtt. 20, Tr. Aconite gtt. 10. Mix, give every few hours 
and follow with injection of warm water and castile soap. 

No. 17. Flux or Slimy Black Rot in Cattle. — Oil linseed oz. 
20. Give three times daily, and also give Tr. Opii. oz. y 2 three 
times daily. 

No. 18. Splenic Fever in Cattle. — F. E. Aconite dr. 1. Gen- 
tian Rad. F. E. oz. 1. Ammon chl. oz. 1. Potas. nit. oz. y 2 . Mix, 
give one oz. every hour until fever abates. 

No. 19. Heaves in Horses. — Arsnicum alba dr. 2. Pwd. 
stramonium dr. 2. Mix, divide into 24 pwd., give one per day 
in mashed feed. 

No. 20. Screw Worm Killer. — Chloroform oz. 2. Acid Car- 
bolic oz. 1. Oil picis, liq. oz. iy 2 . Mix and apply to worms. 

No. 21. Liniment for Curb. — Oil Organum, Oil Spike, Oil Am- 
ber, Oil Turpentine, Oil Comphor a. a. oz. 1. Alcohol q. s. oz. 10. 
Mix. Bathe parts well two or three times per day. 

No. 22. Pneumonia. — Nitrate of Potash oz. 5, Soda bicarbon- 
ate oz. 1. Mix, divide into 12 pwd, give one every 4 hours; at 
same time give No. 23. 

No. 23. Pneumonia. — Carbonate ammonia oz. 1, Pulverized 
cinchona bark, oz. 2%, Pulv. nux vomica oz. y 2t pulv. digitalis 
leaves, dr. 3, pulv. gentian oz. 2. Mix and make into 8 balls, give 
one every 6 or 8 hours. 



—107— 

No. 24. Healing Powders for Fresh Wounds. — Burnt alum 
oz. 2. Prepared chalk oz. 2. Calomel dr. 2. Iodiform dr. 2. Sub-nit. 
Bis. dr. 4. Mix and sprinkle on parts three or four times a day. 

No. 25. Scratches. — Oxide zinc dr. 4; Carbolic acid dr. 
2; Adeps to make soft paste, and apply to parts two or three 
times per day. 

No. 26. Swollen Tendons or Legs. — Saltpeter oz. 4, Sugar 
lead oz. 2, Muriate ammonia oz. 1, Chloride sodium pt. 1. Aqua 
qt.l Mix, shake well before using and rub parts three or four 
times per day. 

No. 27. Ringworm. — Flour of Sulphur oz. 1, Iodine dr. 3, Oil 
of tar oz. 5. Mix and apply to parts two or three times per day. 

No. 28. Mange. — Oil olive oz. 4, Oil tar oz. 5, Flour sulphur 
oz. 2. Mix and rub affected parts well. Leave on 25 hours, af- 
ter which wash off and apply again, and so continue until well. 

No. 29. Lice and Ticks on Cattle. — Plug tobacco, Greenville 
is best, lb. 1, water 3 gallons. Boil half hour and wash parts well. 
Repeat in 48 hours if necessary. Give No. 37 at same time 
internally. 

No. 30. Snow Liniment. — Aq. ammonia oz. 1, Olive oz. 2. 
Mix; this is a good linment for any local bruise. 

No. 31. Cough Balls. Ext. Digitalis gr. 15, Camphor, Tartar 
emetic, linseed meal a. a. oz. 1, Nitrate potash dr. 3. Mix, make 3 
pills and give one per day until cough ceases. 

No. 32. Soap Liniment. — Hard Soap. Camphor, Oil Rose- 
merry a. a. oz. 1. Rect. Spirits pt. 1. Mix the the soap with the 
spirits, then add the other, and rub parts affected. 

No. 33. Alterative. — Pcwd. Aloes oz. iy 2 , Castile soap iy 2 oz. 
Pwd. Carraway Seed oz. iy 2 . Ginger dr. 4. Use plain oil to make 
mass, divide into six balls and give one per day. 

No. 34. Condition Balls. Powd. Gentian, pwd. Ginger, a. a. 
oz. 1; Sulphate Iron, ozs. 2. Mix; make in 4 pills and give one 
per day. 

No. 35. Purgative for Cattle. — Epsom salts one lb. Gentian, 
Ginger a, a. dr. 2. Calomel dr. 1. Croton oil gtt. 20. Warm 
water qt. 1. Mix, give at one dose. This is for abad case where 
a mild purgative will not do. 

N. 36. Inflamation of the Bowls.— Digitalis gtt. 15. Tr. 
Opii oz. 1-2. F. E. Aconite gtt. 20 Water oz. 6. Mix, give at one 
dose every 60 minutes until relieved. 



—108— 

No. 37. My Blood Tonic; Black Antimony, Foenugreek a. a. 
oz. 2. Gentian, Mustard a. a. oz. 4. Sassafras bark oz. 1, Sul- 
phur oz. 6, White Arsenic dr. 1, Nux Vomica dr. 2, Skunk Cab- 
bage 1-2 oz. Mix, give tablespoonful thrice per day in feed 
(Formula used at laboratory in preparing blood Tonic for the 
trade — sold at drug stores.) 

No. 38. Wart Extractor. — Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Sul- 
phate zinc a. a. oz. 1-2. Mix. Cut off wart smooth with surface, 
as taught you, and apply once per day for 8 days. 

No. 39. Haves, How to Patch Up— Oil picis liq. oz. 2. F. E. 
Lobelia oz. 1. Mix, give at one dose and repeat every morning 
for three mornings. Give no dry food. 

No. 40. How to Fatten Your Horse in a Very Short Time. — 
Nitric acid dr. 3, Soda bicarbonate oz. 2, Assafoetida dr. 3. Mix, 
give one tablespoonful twice per day in meal. P. S. — Remember 
what I told you in lesson on live horse. Don't give to valuable 
horses. (Trading remedy.) 

No. 41. Hog Cholera. — Unslacked lime oz. 6, Assafoetida oz. 
1, English calomel oz. 1. Dissolve in quart water and give table- 
spoonful once per day. Shake well before using. 

No. 42. Eye Lotion where there is Inflamation. — Silver ni- 
trate, gr. 10. Sulphate zinc gr. 3, water oz. 4. Mix and apply 
to eye three or four times a day. 

No. 43. Proud Flesh. — Sulphate zinc dr. 3, Sugar lead oz. 1. 
Burnt alum oz. 2. Mix and sprinkle on parts three or four times 
a day. 

No. 44. Swollen Sheath and Penis. — Sugar lead oz. 1, Sul- 
phate zinc dr. 3, water 1 qt. Mix and bathe parts freely three 
or four times per day. 

No. 45. Fever Mixture. — Tr. aconite dr. 1, F. E. belladonna 
dr. 2, Aq. oz. 4. Mix, give tablespoonful every hour on tongue. 

No. 46. Poisoned Horses or Cows. — Hydrate chloral oz. 1, 
tr. opii oz. 1-2. Mix, give at one dose every two hours until symp- 
toms subside. 

No. 47. Thumps in Horses. — Whiskey oz. 2, sweet spts nitre 
oz. 1-2 Nitrate pot. dr. 1. Mix, give at one dose and repeat in 
eight hours if necessary 

No. 48. Purgative for Horses — Powd. Nux. vom. dr. 1, Gen- 
tian ginger a. a. dr 2. Aloes pwd. dr. 7. Mix, Sig.; Bolus, give 
at one do*e, but don't repeat under 48 hours. 

No. 49. Eye Water. — This is far sore eyes where they are 
mattering. Zinc sulphate gr. 5, Nitrate silver gr. 10, Attrophine 
sulph, gr. 2 1-2, Ac. dist. oz. 5. Mix and put a few drops in eye 
every four or five hours. 



—109— 

No. 50. Nasal Gleet — Carbolic acid oz. 1, Oil tar oz. 4, Alco- 
koi oz Turpentine oz. 2, An. oz 6. Mix. First wash out nos 
trils with soap and warm water, ihen use one tablespoonful as 
spray after washing. 

No. 51. Hoof Tonic. — Oil tar oz. 4, Oil organuni oz. 1, Oil lin- 
seed oz. 6, Alcohol oz. 7. Mix and apply to foot once or twice 
per day as directed in Lesson on Foot (little mop rag on stick). 
This is the same formula used at laboratory in preparing Hoof 
Tonic for the trade. Ask your druggist for it. 

No. 52. Collar or Saddle Sores. — Pulv. Alum oz. 12, Sulphur 
oz. 1-2, Calomel gr. 30. Mix, and grease the parts before using 
with vasaline; then sprinkle on part 4 or 5 times a day. 

No. 53. Fistula Liniment (or Burns on any part of body.) — 
This is for fistula before it has bursted and running. Turpentine, 
coal oil a. a. oz. 2, Hartshorn oz. 1, oil sassafras oz. 1 1-2. Mix, 
and bathe parts once per day for three days, theni ron witlr hot 
iron each day. 

No. 54. Lung Fever (Blister). — If the pulse is beating at 70 
per minute, you may blister opposite the lungs with this blister. 
Cantharides dr. 4, Adeps oz. 4, Resin oz. 1-2. Mix, and apply to 
parts every three hours until well blistered. 

No. 55. Gravel in Stem of Bladder. — Take prickly pear pads 
that bloom on the prairie. Gather one gallon of pads, put in three 
gallons of water and boil until you have one gallon, then strain 
through cloth and give one pint of this medicine per day as 
drench until symptoms are no more. Symptoms: Stretching out, 
trying to urinate, may make small quantity of water. 

No. 56. Wormy Horses. — Calomel gr. 30, Coperas dr. 3, Pulv. 
Sage oz. 1, Pwd. Arsenic dr. 1. Mix and divide into 12 pwd. 
Give one three times a day in feed. 

No. 57. Old Sores. — Lunar Caustic dr. 1. Water oz. 2. Mix 
and apply to sore two or three times per day with soft rag or 
cotton. ' ! 

No. 58. Sore Mouth. — Borax oz. 1, Hioney oz. 2, Water oz. 4, 
Mix and apply three of four times per day if you think case 
requires it 

No. 59. Favorite Liniment. — This is one of the best lini- 
ments on the market and is called Dr. Rutherford's Favorite Lin- 
iment. This is the same formula that is used at the laboratory 
in putting this up for the trade: Oil of Cedar oz. 4. Sul. Eth. oz. %, 
oil sassafras oz. 4, Aq. ammonia oz. 1-2, Gum camph. dr. 3, Spts. 
Vini rectif, q. s. O. I. Mix and apply three or four times per day 
if necessary. 



—110— 

P. S. — This liniment is also good for man; burns, cuts or any 
kind of hurt. 

No. 60. Liniments for Strains of any Kind.— Oil of spike, 
Oil of origanum a. a. oz. 2, Aq. ammonia oz. 1, Alcohol q. s. oz. 8. 
Mix and bathe affected parts well three or four times a day until 
you get up a good blister; then grease with hog lard. 

No. 61. Blood Stopper. — Monsells Solution of Iron oz. 2. 
Sig: Saturate a piece of cotton, say as large as a quail egg t press 
to the bleeding parts, as taught you, and the blood will stop im- 
mediately. 

No. 62. For Colic in Cows. — Tr. Opii oz. 1 1-2, Ext. Ginger 
dr. 6, P. E. Canibis indica oz. 1-2, Aq. warm oz. 20. Mix, divide 
into two doses, give half as drench and repeat in 30 minutes if 
not relieved of pain. 

No. 63. Tonic for Cattle. — Pwd. Gentian oz. 1. Pwd. Ginger 
oz. 1, Sulphate quinine oz. 1-2, Pwd. Iron oz. 2. Mix, divide into 
12 powders and give one three times per day, or give No. 37. 

No. 64. Wormn. — Aloes barb dr. 4, Ferri Sulph. (pure) dr. 4, 
Calomel dr. 2, Antimony Tart dr. 4. Mix, divide into three doses 
and give one per day. 

No. 65. Diarrhoea. — Protan dr. 6, Pwd. Ginger oz. 1. Mix 
make into three pills and give one every three hours. 

No. 66. Catarrh — Sodium chloride, Sodium sulphate a. a. oz. 
4, Sodium bicarbonate oz. 2, Licorice root oz. 3. Mix, give table- 
spoonful three times a day. 

No. 67. Dyspepsia. — Sodium chloride oz. 4, reduced; iron dr. 
2; Calamus root pwd. oz. 1; bicarbonate soda oz. 2. Mix. Give 
tablespoonful three times a day. 

No. 68. Gall — Saddle. — Salicylic acid oz. 1-2, Resorsin dr. 2, 
Lactic acid dr. 2, Colodium flex. oz. 1 1-2. Mix, wash off parts 
well and apply enough of the medicine to form a thick coat, let 
remain three days, then wash off and use the following: No 69. 
(P. S. — Use this for corns in feet, as taught you in Lesson on 
Foot.) 

No. 69. Gall — Saddle. — Iodiform sub. nit. bis., Calomel a. a. 
dr. 1, Alum burnt oz. 1-2, Ac. boric oz. 1. Mix, sprinkle on parts 
three or four times per day. (P. S. — You may have to repeat the 
first as many as three times, but where the case is not bad one 
application will do the work. 

No. 70. Jaundice in Cattle. — Aloes oz. 2 1-2, Rhubarb oz. 2 
1-2, Argols (crude tartar) oz. 5, Calamus oz. 5, Sodium Sulphate 
oz. 5. Mix, give one tablespoonful three times a day. You can 
tell this disease by the mucus of the mouth and the white of the 
eye turning yellow, also the urine becomes dark and the dung 
light. 



— Ill- 
No. 71. Lice and Ticks on Cattle. — Yellow bar soap oz. 20, 
Alcohol (wood) oz. 2, Crude naphtholine, oz. 2, Aqua oz. 80. Mix, 
heat over a gentle fire and then stir until cold. Rub the parts 
thoroughly and repeat in two days if you think necessary. 

No. 72. Udder (Inflammation). — Salicylic acid gr. 50. Mercu- 
rial ointment oz. 1, Liniment camph. oz. 3. Mix, apply ot udder 
and rub freely four or five times per day. 

No. 73. Urine (Bloody). — Sodium acetate, Powd. camph. dr. 
3 of each, White lead dr. 1. Mix, divide into 12 pwd., give one 
three times a day in feed, or as drench in pint of water. 

No. 74. Worms (in Cattle). — Powd. Wormwood, Powd. Tansy, 
Powd. Aloes a. a. oz. 1, Dippel's Oil oz. 4, linseed oil oz. 16. Mix, 
give half as drench and wait six hours and give remainder. 

No. 75. Worms (Hog). — Sodium sulphate pwd. oz. 2, Tansy 
pwd. oz. 5, Castor oil dr. 7, Naphtholine dr. 1-2. Mix with mo- 
lasses and give tablespoonful every two hours. 

No. 76. Cough (in Dogs). — Sodium bromide dr. 2, Creosote 
water oz. 2, Fennel water oz. 4. Mix, and give half tablespoonful 
four times daily. 

No. 77. Cough (in Dogs). — Tr. belladonna oz. 1-2, Syrup 
squills oz. 1-2, Paregoric oz. 1, Aq. q. s. oz. 6. Give one teaspoon- 
ful three times a day 

No. 78. Distemper in Dogs. — Tr. Aconite Root dr. 1-2, Sweet 
Spts. Nitre oz. 1-2, Tr. Gentian oz. 1-2, Syrup Tulu oz. 2, Aq. q. s. 
oz. 4. Give a tablespoonful every two hours and feed on beef 
tea, sweet milk and raw eggs. 

No. 79. Distemper in Dogs. — Elixir bromide potassium oz. 6, 
Tr. gelsemium dr. 3. Mix and give teaspoonful every two hours. 

No. 80. Constipation in Dogs. — Give tablespoonful of castor 
oil, repeating this in 8 or 10 hours; also give injection of soap and 
warm water freely. If this will not do try No. 81. 

No. 81. Constipation in Dogs. — Jalap dr. 1, Ginger, Gentian 
a. a. dr. 1, Syrup q. s. oz. 1. Give tablespoonful every six hours. 

No. 82. Mange in Dogs. — Mange is so well known that I will 
only give you the prescription for it; Oil cadium oz. 1, Flour of 
Sulphur oz. 2, Adeps oz. 4. Mix, wash dog well, dry thoroughly 
and rub on medicine. 

No. 83. Pneumonia in Hogs. — How to know it: By the fast 
breathing and shivering. There will be more or less cough, and 
hog will lose appetite. Put the animal in a comfortable stall, put 
a mustard plaster on the chest and give the following: Soda bi- 
sulphate dr. 3, Nitrate potash dr. 3. Make one pint of meal gruel 



—112— 

and stir this in when cold. Give the hog half of this if he will 
eat it; if not, drench him by placing a board in his mouth with a 
hole through it so he can't crush bottle or bite operator. The 
best position in which to have the hog while drenching is sitting 
on his hind parts with his feet before him. No dange in drench- 
ing this way. Give all the sweet milk he will drink. 

No. 84. Quinsy in Hogs. — You know this by the swelling 
under the throat. It is a common and very often fatal disease 
if not treated immediately, and with the proper treatment. If you 
find the hog has difficulty in swallowing and there is a swelling 
under the neck, you may know there is quinsy. First, secure 
the hog good and puncture the parts well, as I have spoken of in 
another part of this book, and apply very hot cloths to the parts, 
eeping this up for several minutes at a time, and repeating often. 
After using this treatment several times, rub on my Favorite Lin- 
iment 4 or 5 times a day; then give Prescription per rectum: 
Sulphate magnesia oz. 4, Olive oil oz. 4, soapsuds 1 pt. or half pt. 
Mix and inject. 

No. 85. Congestion of the Brain in Hogs. — The hog becomes 
dull and stupid, the bowels constipated the animal begins to walk 
in a circle, the limbs become stif ; he will froth at the mouth and 
the breathing is hard. This is most common in well-fed hogs. 
Hogs that are thin in flesh are rarely affected with this disease. 
Give him the following per mouth if convenient; if not, per rec- 
tum will do: Quinine sulph. gr. 30, Spts. vini rectif. oz. 5. Mix, 
give 1 ounce in half pint sweet milk every 2 hours; give purga- 
tive. 

No. 86. Diarrhoea in Hogs. — Pwd. foenugreek seed oz. 2, pwd. 
chalk oz. 2, pwd. gentian oz. 1, Soda bicarbonate oz. 1. Mix, give 
tablespoonful to each hog three times a day. Give to pigs accord- 
ing to age and size. 

No. 87. Lice on Hogs. — Wash hog well with soap and water; 
take creoline oz. 2, warm water 1 1-2 gal.; wash and not dry. This 
will kill the lice every time, but you may have to repeat where 
there is nits to batch, which were on the ends of the hairs that 
the creoline did not reach. 

No. 88. Mange in Hogs. — Flour of sulphur oz. 2, oxide zinct oz. 1, 
Adeps oz. 10. Mix, wash hog well and after drying smear oint- 
ment all over him good, letting it remain on two days. You may 
have to repeat in bad case, but hardly ever. Give internally sul- 
phur dr. 2, Nitrate pot. gr. 15. Mix, give once per day for ten 
days. Apply mustard plasters as taught you and give oils and 
soft feed. Give no dry feed at all. Then give this: Ferri Sulph. 
Ex. oz. 2, Gentian Rad oz. 3, Quin Sulph oz. 1-2. Mix Ft. Chart 
No. 12. Sig: Give one powder three times per day, noon, morning 
and night. 



—113— 

No. 89. Inflammation of the Brain in Cattle. — Calomel dr. 1, 
Oleum Tiglii gt. 20, Oil linseed pt. 1. Mix, give at one dose. Af- 
ter six hours give No. 125 as directed. 

No. 90. Septicemia in Cattle. — Sulphate of Magnesia oz. 20, 
Aqua oz. 24. Mix and give at one dose. Wait six hours, then give 
No. 6. 

No. 91. For Strained Shoulders, in Cattle. — Aq. ammonia oz. 
3, Oil Terebenth oz. 3, Spts. camph. oz. 4, Oil organum oz. 3. Mix 
and rub parts well two or three times a day until you get a good 
blister. 

No. 92. For Lice on Cattle. — Strong bar soap oz. 12, Green- 
ville plug tobacco oz. 6, Naptholine crude oz. 3, water one gal. 
Boil down to one-half gallon and wash. This will kill them every 
time. 

No. 93. Fly and Mospuito Oil. — Ac. Carbolic oz. 3, Oil Penny- 
royal oz. 8, Oil Picis liq. oz. 12, Cottonseed oil oz. 16. Mix, shake 
well and apply to mane and tail and around on the walls, if in 
the stable. 

No. 94. Sores About the Feet of Cattle.— Wash off good with 
warm water and castile soap. Rinse the parts well and dry and 
apply the following: Sugar of lead oz. 1, Zinc sulphatis dr. 2, 
Muriate ammonia oz. 1-2, Apua O. I. Mix. Sig: Wash parts two or 
three times a day. 

No. 95. Mange on Dogs. — Oil turpentine oz. 2, Oil cadium oz. 
2, Benzine oz. 3, Olive oil q. s. ad pt. 1. Mix, and bathe dog well, 
after washing with soap and water. Let stay on 48 hours, then 
wash off. 

No. 96. Old Sores and Proud Flesh. — Burnt alum oz. 1, Sub. 
nit. bis. dr. 2, Calomel dr. 1, Acid boric oz. 2. Mix and sprinkle on 
parts once per day after washing good. 

No. 97. Saddle or Harness Hurts on the Back. — Oil origanum 
oz. 2, Oil cedar oz. 3, Spts. vini, rectif. oz. 5. Mix and bather parts 
two or three times a day for five days, then grease parts well 
with olive oil to keep the hair from falling out. Now this is for 
the back when first bruised. If there is a sitfast, nothing but a 
knife will remove it. 

No. 98. Fever Mixture Where Fever is High for Horse or 
Cow. — Gentian Rad F E oz. 1, F E Belladonna dr. 2, F E Aconite 
dr. 1, Potas nit oz. 1-2, Aqa q. s. O. I. Mix, give two oz. every two 
hours until fever goes down. 

No. 99. Another Good One for Fever. — Quinine sulph. dr. 6, 
Acantanlid oz. 2, Spts. ether nit. oz. 2, Alcohol oz. 10. Mix, and 
give one and one-half oz. every two or three hours in half pt. 
aqua. 



-114— 

No. 100. Sore Teats in Cattle. — Acid Tanic dr. 4, Acid Carbol. 
dr. 1, Olive oil oz. 6. Mix and grease teats good after milking. 

No. 101. Distemper in Horses. — Oil Picis liq. oz. 5, F E Lo- 
belia oz. 3, Menthol Crys. dr. 1. Mix. Use in nose as directed on 
live horse lesson. Apply to false nostrils with little mop — (rag 
or stick.) P. S. — Also smear pine tar on box where horse is 
fed once per day and give internally No. 37, as directed. If 
throat is swollen bathe with Favorite Liniment. 

No. 102. Exzema in Horse. — Creoline oz. 4, water oz. 20. 
Mix. Wash parts well every 3 days for 9days, then grease parts 
well with olive oil; after two days remove scabs. Give at same 
time No. 37, and keep up three months. This is a hard thing to 
cure, but if you will stay with above treatment it will cure. Give 
5 gr. arsenic 3 times day while treating. 

No. 103. Scratches. — Castile Soap oz. 2, Resin oz. 2, Coperas 
oz. 1-2. Mix, melt together over a slow fire and it is ready for 
use. Rub parts well 3 times a day, using a teaspoonful. 

No. 104. Quitter.— Zinc Sulphate dr. 1, Silver Nitrate gr. 30, 
Aqua dist. oz. 4. Mix. Sig: Inject three times a day with long 
pointed syringe. 

No. 105. Tread, or Bruised Coronet. — Tr. Belladonna, Tr. 
Opii, Tr. Aconite a. a. oz. 1. Mix. Apply to parts three or four 
times a day. P. S. — If there be any sore dust on No. 69. 

No. 106. Rheumatism in Horses. — Quin. Sulph. oz. 1, Iodide 
Pot. oz. 2, Nux Vomica pwd. dr. 4. Mix. Divide into 48 powders 
and give one three times a day. P. S. — Also follow up with my 
blood tonic, No. 37. 

No. 108. Eye Water.— My Favorite.— Hydras Sul. gr. 3, Zinc 
Sul. Mor. Sul. Ac. Boric, of each gr. 2, Cocaine Hyd. gr. 1, Aq- 
Rose, q. s., oz. 1. Mix. Apply to eye with soft rag or cotton. This 
is the eye water that we have on the market, and is the same 
formula used in our laboratory. Call at drug store if you can't 
get it filled. Sold by all druggists. 

No. 109. Vomiting in Dogs. — Ac. Carbol. drops 3, Sub. nit. 
bis. dr. 1, Tr. Opii camph. dr. 1-2, Glycerine oz. 1-2. Aq. cinnamon 
q. s. oz. 1 1-2. Mix. Teaspoonfull every two or three hours. 

No. 110. Cough, Chronic, Horse.— F E Belladonna oz. 1 F E 
lobelia oz. 3, Acid Hydrocyanic dil. oz. 1, Oil Picis liq. oz. 1, Oil 
Camph. oz. 3, Syr. Simplex q. s. oz. 12. Mix, give one oz. every 
three hours until relieved. (Bad case may add morphine, 1 to 
2 gr.) 

No. 111. Eyes, Inflamed. — Morphine Sulph. gr. 4, Zinc Sulph. 
gr. 2, Aq. distil, oz. 1. Mix. Few drops in eye three or four times 
a day. 






—115— 

No.112. Sweating Mixture. — Tr. Arenica rad. oz. 1 1-2. F E 
Pilocarpus oz. 1 1-2, Aq. q. s. O. I. Mix. Give at one dose and 
repeat in one hour if necessary. 

No. 113. For Sores on Horses, Hogs, Dogs and Cattle. — Oxide 
zinc gr. 10, Sub. nit. bis. gr. 20, lodiform gr. 10, Ac Boric oz. 1. 
Mix. Dust on parts three or four times a day, first boiling out 
sore good by pouring tablespoonful of proxide of hydrgen. 

No. 114. Mange, Internal Treatment — Horse. — Fowler's Sol. 
oz. 16, Tr. Cinchona comp. oz. 16. Mix, give 1-2 oz. in wet feed 
three times a day. Give at same time my Blood Tonic. 

No. 115. Itching Skin in Dogs. — Bismuth sub. nit. dr. 2, Lan- 
olin oz. 1. Mix. Apply when necessary. 

No. 116. Stimulating Liniment. — 01 Sinipis, Aq. Ammon, fort, 
of each oz. 1, Oil gossipi sem. oz. 6, Mix. Apply to parts. 

No. 117. Worms in Horses. — Santonin gr. 20, Oil lerebinth dr. 
4, Aloes barb dr. 6, 01 Lini to make pt. 1. Mix. Give at one dose 
and follow this with No. 37. Very necessary to give 37. 

No. 118. Gas Colic in Horses or Cows. — F E Canibis indica 
oz. 1-2, F E Hyascyami dr. 2, Tr. Zingibler oz. 1 1-2 Amonum 
chloride dr. 2, Acid salicylic dr. 3. Mix. Give one dose in pint of 
warm water; repeat in 25 minutes if not relieved. 

No. 119. Sore Mouth and Tongue. — Borax pwd. oz. 1, Honey 
oz. 1, water, q. s. pt. 1. Mix. Shake well and apply 4 or 5 times 
daily with soft rag. 

No. 120. Snake Bite — Horse. — Whiskey 1 pt. Aq. Ammonia 1 
dr., warm water 1-2 pt. Mix. Give at one dose and repeat in one 
hour if not better. 

No. 121. Chronic Cough. — Ext. nux vomica gr. 3, Ext. bella- 
donna gr, 5, pwd. squill gr. 15, Ammonia chlodire dr. 1, Terebinth 
drops 15, Oil of tar, drops 15, Comp. licorice pwd. Q. S. Bolus. 
One pill every three of four hours. 

No. 122. Corns. — Tar, Beeswax, Resin, equal parts; melt to- 
gether. Fill up hole every five days and pack with oakum as di- 
rected in Lesson on Foot, and at same time use No. 51. 

No. 123. Urinating Too Often. — Tr. Iodine dr. 1-2, Iron Sul- 
phate dr. 2, pwd. Gentian dr. 4. Mix, make bolus and give one 
night and morning until relieved. P. S. — This is for horse or cow. 

No. 124. Indigestion. — Barbahoes Aloes, dr. 5, Gentian, Gin- 
ger a. a. dr. 2, Nux vom. pwd. dr. 1. Mix Bolus, Sig. at one dose, 
then give No. 37. Give as directed. You may have to repeat the 
whole prescription. 



—116— 

No. 125. Inflammation of the Brain, Cattle or Horses. — Bathe 
head and neck good and often with ice water (give purgative 
first) then give internally as a drench: Belladonna P B dr. 1-2 to 
1, with little water. Give hypodermic 1-8 to 1-3 atropine 3 or 4 
times a day. Also give No. 6 if you think necessary- Quinine 
anyway in half dr. doses. 

No 126. Fistula or Pollevil After Cut. — First pack with equal 
parts of alum and chloride sodium.... put in bottom of wound; let 
stay 48 hours, and then wash out and use the following: Cotton- 
seed oil oz. 16. Ac carbolic oz. 2. Mix, inject in wound once per 
day, packing top of wound with Oakum. Also wash out with pe* 1 
oxide hydrogen 

No. 127. Bone Spavin. — Use No. 8. Shave off hair and punc- 
ture the parts well over the bunch and apply paste, placing band- 
age over parts. If bad case treat as taught you on live horse les- 
son, by using firing iron first. This is the same as preparation 
used in putting up Dr. Rutherford's Spavin and Ringbone Cure 
for the market. 

Ringbone is treated the same as spavin. 

No. 128. Acid Hydrocyanic Dil. oz. y 2 , Tr. Peppermint, dr. 2, Sal 
soda oz. 1-2, F. E, Canibis, Ind. dr. 2. Mix. Give in six oz. warm wa- 
ter and repeat every 25 minutes until relieved. This is the same 
formula used at the laboratory in preparing Colic Cure for the 
trade. P. S. — If the horse is very restless you may give 1-2 cz. 
Hydrate Chloral in little water. 

No. 129. Disenfectant. — Carbolic acid dr. 2, warm water at. 
1. This is for washing out wounds or sores of any kind. Another 
you may use is bichloride one to 500, or even weaker, one to 750. 

No. 130. Fistula where you donotwish to cut it out — but this 
is very severe: Acetate of copper, sulphate of copper, of each 
1-2 oz. Wlhite mercury dr. 2, alum oz. 1, nitric acid dr. 1, honey 
q. s. to make soft paste. First split parts to the bottom and take 
a little of the medicine, say as much as 1-2 teaspoon ful, and place 
it in the bottom of the wound, let it remain 24 hours and then re- 
move. After which wash good with No. 129, and let stand 48 
hours and treat as at first, and keep this up until the whole tu- 
mor will fall out. This will cure any case of Fistula or Poll Evil, 
but as I said it is very severe. You had better grease parts be- 
low sore so as to prevent the hair from sHpping off. 



INDEX. 

Alimentary Canal 14 

Age of Horse 65 

Action of the Heart 18 

Ac Hycdrooyanic 36 

After Birth 84 

Blind Staggers 40 

Bone Spavin 48 

Bones of the Horse 21 

Blain in Cattle 51 

Blindness in a Few Days 86 

Bloody Urine in Colts 84 

Bots 82 

Blood Spavin 78 

Castration (Simple) 83 

Bidgling of Cryptorchid 102 

Castrating (best time) 83 

Curb 82 

Cutting Off Warts 78 

Canibis Indica 36 

Carbolic Acid * 37 

Colic, Spasmodic 33 

Colic, Flatulent 32 

Constipation of the Bowels 51 

Costiveness in Cattle 53 

Coupler 43 

Croton Oil 42 

Distemper 80 

Diarrhoea in Calves 53 

Digestive Organs 12 

Enlargements 41 

Explanation 29 

Explanation of Founder 75 

Fistula of the Sternum 49 

Flux or Slimy Black Rot in Cattle 56 

Fractures of the Bones 63 

Fistula or Pollevil 37 



Foaling, Mare or Cow 81 

Founder, Acute 75 

Founder, Chronic 76 

Genital Organ of the Male 19 

Genital Organ Continued 20 

Gelseumium 43 

Glanders 74 

Gravel 75 

Heaves 80 

Hide Bound 82 

Hollow Horn, So-called 85 

Hooks in Eye, So-called 77 

How to Unchoke Stock 79 

Hoose Calves 55 

Hints Relating to Milch Cattle 57 

Hydrogen Peroxodium 38 

Inflammation of the Bowels 28 

Inflammation of the Kidneys 33 

Inflammation of the Brain 68 

Jacks and Stallions, Care of 88 

Lampers 79 

Lung Fever or Pneumonia 34 

Lock Jaw or Tetanus 41 

Moving Liquid 86 

Organs of Abdomen 15 

Opium or Laudanum 36 

Oil Organum 57 

Oil of Cedar 43 

Prescription Writing 38 

Peroxide-Hydrogen 38 

Punctured Feet, Nail Pricks, Etc 69 

Punmiced Feet 72 

Quittor 70 

Remarks ! 84 

Review Lesson 44 

Retention of the Urine 66 

Shoeing 24 

Salivary Glands 13 

Sun Stroke or Heart Stroke 39 

Splenic Fever 59 

Sketch on Live Horse 77 

Strains of Whirlbone Joint 78 

Stump Suckers 82 



Scouring — Watery Bowels 84 

Sitfasts 83 

Spaying Cattle 67 

Septecaemiu in Cattle 68 

Scratches 70 

Spring Halt 71 

The Kidneys 18 

The Front Knee 8 

The Stomach 12 

The Small Intestines 14 

The Colon 15 

The Pancreas 16 

The Heart 17 

The Kidneys * 18 

The Foot (continued) 26 

The Eye 29 

The Iris of Eyes 80 

The Weeping Eyes 77 

Table Weight and Measure 38 

Teeth, Wolfe 66 

Teeth, location on 87 

Tuberculosis in Cattle 67 and 72 

Thumps 34 

Terms Used in Practice 60 

Thorax 12 

Treatment for Fistula or Pollevil 37 

Treatment for Fistula or Pollevil After Operation 37 

Thrush of the Frog 72 

Thread or Bruised Coronet 72 

To Keep a Horse From Eating 86 

To Make Him Kick 86 

To Make Him Lame 86 

To Give Him Glanders 87 

To Trade Ruptured Mare 87 

Thoroughpins 82 

Thick Wind 80 

Wind Galls 83 

Wormy Horses 77 

Wolfe Teeth 64 






PRESCRIPTION INDEX. 

Alerative 107 

Blind Staggers 105 

Blister 105 

Blain in Cattle 105 

Blood Stopper 110 

Blood Tonic at Drug Stores, No. 37 108 

Bone Spavin 116 

Colic, Spasmodic 105 

Colic, Flatulent 116 

Cough, Chronic, Horse 115 

Constitpation in Cattle 105 

Cotgh in Dogs Ill 

Constitpation in Dogs Ill 

Congestion of Brain in Hogs 112 

Cough Balls for Horses 107 

Condition Balls for Horses 107 

Collar or Saddle Sores 109 

Colic in Cows , 110 

Costiveness in Cattle 106 

Catarrh in Cattle or Horses, Use No. 50 109 

Dyspepsia 110 

Diarrhoea in Hogs 112 

Diarrhoea 110 

Diarrhoea in Calves 106 

Distemper in Horses, give Dr. Rutherford's Blood Tonic; if 
swollen, bathe parts with Favorite Liniment. 

Distemper in Dogs Ill 

Eczema 114 

Eye, Inflamed 114 

Eye Water 114 

Eye Lotion 108 

Flux, or Slimy Black Rot in Cattle 106 

Fever Mixture 108; if high give 98 

Fly and Mosquito Oil 113 

Fistula Liniment 185 

Fistula or Poll Evil (After Cut) 116 

Fever, Splenic (in Cattle) 106 

Gall Cure 110 

Gas Colic, Horse or Cow 115 

Gravel in Stem of Bladder 109 

Healing Powder for Wounds 107 



Hoof Liniment 109 

Hoose (in Calves) 106 

How to Fatten Stock 108 

Heaves 106 

Heaves, How They are Patched Up 108 

Hog Cholera 108 

Inflammation of Brain in Cattle 113 

Inflammation of Udder Ill 

Inflammation of Kidney (Horses) 103 

Inflammation of the Bowels (Horses) 107 

If Swollen, bathe with 59. 

Itching Skin (Dogs) 115 

Indigestion 115 

Jaundice in Cattle 110 

Liniment for Curb 106 

Liniment for Strains of any kind 110 

Liniment for Puffs Use Favorite Liniment. 
Liniment, My Favorite (Ask Druggist). 
Lice on Cattle (Use Dr. Rutherford's Dip). 

Lock Jaw 105 

Lice on Hogs (Use Dr. Rutherford's Dip). 

Lung Fever 109 

Mange, Internal Treatment 115 

Mange (on Dogs) Ill 

Mange (on Hogs). Use Dr. Rutherford's Dip. 

Mange (on Dogs) 113 

Mange (Horses). Use Dr. Rutherford's Dip as Wash and 

give internally 5 gr. arsenic three times a day for 15 

days. 

Nasal Gleet 109 

Old Sores 109 

Mouth Sores 109 

Poison, Horses and Cows 108 

Purgative for Horses 108 

Proud Flesh 108 

Purgative for Cattle 107 

Pneumonia in Cattle or Horses 106 

Pneumonia in Hogs Ill 

Quinsey in Hogs 112 

Quittor 114 

Rheumatism 114 

Ringworm 107 

Sore Mouth 109 



Sore Mouth and Tongue 115 

Sweating Mixture 115 

Snake Bite 115 

Swollen Tendons (Use Dr. Rutherford's Favorite Liniment. 

Scratches 107 

Splenic Fever (in Cattle) 1 06 

Screw Worm Killer 106 

Sore Feet in Cattle 113 

Sore Teats 114 

Saddle or Harness Hurts on Back (Use Dr. Rutherford's 
Remedy. 

Septicemia in Cattle 113 

Swollen Sheath or Penis (Horses) IDS 

Thumps (Horses) 105 

Thumps (Horses) 108 

Tonic (Give Dr. Rutherford's Blood Tonic. 

Tread or Bruised Coronet 114 

Urine, Bloody — Cattle and Horse 113 

Urinating Too Often 115 

Vomiting in Dogs 114 



No. 9003. 



Cattle Tocar . 



$1.25 




No. C 9075. 

Dr. Rutherford's carved Favorite Emasculator for cas- 
trating horses, bulls, dogs, sheep, goats and all kinds 
of animals, standing. This machine can be adjusted 
by a screw so as to operate on the smallest to the larg- 
est animal with safety. "Two instruments in one." 
Dr. Frank E. Rutherford has done some of the most 
rapid castrating with this machine known to the pro- 
fession. In June, 1009, W. 0. Baldwin of Haskell, 
Texas, had a five-year old stud gelded in 18 seconds, 
without throwing, tieing or searing and the rider 
did not dismount for the operation. Price $6 75 




No. 9078. 

Ecrasuer for castrating ridgelings horses, taking off 
warts, tumors, etc. Price $6 75 




JJJ 



Dallas Veterinary 
Correspondence School 

Chartered 1907 by Texas' Laws 



Write for Booklet Giving Particulars. 



Address D. V. S., P. O. Box 733, 

DALLAS, TEXAS 



DR. RUTHERFORD'S STOCK WIEDIDINE 

(NOT FOOD) 
For Sale by all Leading Druggists.— "Quality not Quantity" 

No 55. Dr. Rutherford's Favorite Liniment, for man 

or beast. Price 50c 

No. 37. Dr Rutherford's Powdered Blood Tonic for 
horses and cattle. (A tonic, not food), formuly 

on box. Price 50c 

No. 128. Dr. Rutherford's Flatulent Colic Remedy 50c 

No. 2. " " Spasmodic Colic Remedy 50c 

No. 51. " " Hoof Tonic, for sore feet, hard 

feet, narrow heel, thrust, dead feet 75c 

No. 133. Dr. Rutherford's Poultry Medicine 25c 

No. 8. M " Sprvin and Ring Bone Remedy 50c 

No. 132. " " Insect Killer 25c 

No. 24. " " Healing Powder for wounds and 

barb wire cuts 25c 

No. 20. Dr. Rutherford's Liquid Screw Worm Killer. _. 25c 
No. 69. " " Gall Remedy 25c 

Manufactured Exclusively by 

Drs. R. & R. Co., Dallas, Texas 

Register No. 62122 Guarantee No. 5279 



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PRIVATE LESSONS 

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DR. FRANK E. RUTHERFORD, V. S. 




PRICE $5.00 



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